diff --git a/docs/cultural-ontology-meta-analysis.tex b/docs/cultural-ontology-meta-analysis.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7783b64 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/cultural-ontology-meta-analysis.tex @@ -0,0 +1,966 @@ +\documentclass[11pt]{article} +\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} +\usepackage[T1]{fontenc} +\usepackage{geometry} +\usepackage{hyperref} +\usepackage{longtable} +\usepackage{array} +\usepackage{enumitem} +\usepackage{listings} +\geometry{margin=1in} + +\title{Cultural Ontology for Utterance Lowering:\\ +A Qualitative Meta-Analysis for Weksa} +\author{Weksa Research Notes} +\date{2026-06-09} + +\begin{document} +\maketitle + +\begin{abstract} +This paper synthesizes contemporary work on linguistic relativity, +sociolinguistic indexicality, language ideology, dialect grammar, and automated +language-system bias in order to define a typed cultural-ontology state shape +for Weksa. The synthesis rejects strong linguistic determinism and instead +adopts a weaker but operationally useful position: language varieties and +culture-bearing speech communities do not determine thought, but they do make +some distinctions grammatically obligatory, pragmatically salient, socially +indexed, or interactionally dangerous. For a generation system, those pressures +must be represented explicitly before interlingua is lowered into plausible +utterances. The proposed schema treats cultural ontology as a realization lens: +it does not own source meaning, speaker identity, or final wording; it owns +salience axes, social-indexical meanings, dialect affordances, activation gates, +evidence, and forbidden flattenings. +\end{abstract} + +\section{Status and Scope} + +This is a qualitative meta-analysis rather than a numerical meta-analysis. The +source literature spans cognitive linguistics, linguistic anthropology, +sociolinguistics, dialectology, corpus documentation, and AI fairness research. +The evidence is therefore not commensurable as effect sizes. The useful output +for Weksa is a design synthesis: a schema that can preserve cultural and +dialectal pressure without turning culture into stereotypes or dialects into +surface accent filters. + +The immediate design targets are: + +\begin{itemize}[noitemsep] + \item African American English / African American Language as a dialect or + speech tradition with systematic grammar and cultural indexicality. + \item Scottish targets that distinguish Scots, Scottish Standard English, + Highland English, and Scottish Gaelic influence instead of collapsing them + into a single ``Scottish'' costume. + \item Regional Brazilian Portuguese targets such as urban Rio slang, a Sao + Paulo television-reporter register, and a Minas Gerais worker persona, all as + explicit profile stacks rather than one generic Brazilian flavor. + \item Japanese regional and historical targets, including contemporary + dialects and historical stages represented through NINJAL and related corpus + resources. + \item A general cultural-ontology profile format suitable for CultCache + storage, Qdrant evidence retrieval, and later utterance lowering. +\end{itemize} + +\section{Method} + +Sources were selected by relevance to four questions: + +\begin{enumerate}[noitemsep] + \item What remains useful in contemporary interpretations of Sapir--Whorf or + linguistic relativity? + \item How do dialects, registers, and styles carry social meaning? + \item What must be represented to produce AAVE/AAL and Scottish dialectal + output without caricature? + \item What failures do automated language systems already exhibit around + dialects, especially African American English? +\end{enumerate} + +The evidence was grouped into five families: relativity, indexicality and +identity, language ideology, dialect documentation, and computational bias. +Open PDFs were cached under +\texttt{docs/research/cultural-ontology/sources/pdfs/} when the source exposed a +stable, legally accessible copy. Sources that could not be cached are recorded +in the source manifest. + +\section{Findings} + +\subsection{Relativity Is Best Treated as Realization Pressure} + +Strong linguistic determinism is not a sound engineering doctrine. Contemporary +work is more modest and more useful: language influences cognition most +reliably where speakers must package thought for expression. Slobin's +``thinking for speaking'' reframes relativity as the routinized attention that +speakers bring to events while preparing them for grammar and discourse +\cite{slobin1996}. Lucy's reformulation also separates linguistic diversity +from determinism and treats relativity as an empirical question about how +language-specific categories guide interpretation \cite{lucy1992,lucy1997}. +Wolff and Holmes summarize the modern resurgence as contested but productive: +language can affect thought, but effects vary by domain, task, and mechanism +\cite{wolffholmes2011}. + +For Weksa, this means the interlingua should continue to own source meaning, +while cultural ontology owns the distinctions that become salient during +utterance realization. A cultural profile should not claim that a speaker +cannot think outside its categories. It should claim that a lowerer must inspect +some categories before producing an honest utterance. + +\subsection{Culture Reaches Language Through Indexicality, Ideology, and Practice} + +Language forms do not merely encode propositions. They index social relations, +stance, identity, authority, authenticity, and membership. Silverstein's +indexical order explains how forms can presuppose and create social context at +multiple orders of awareness \cite{silverstein2003}. Eckert's third-wave +variationism treats variation as a resource for social meaning, not merely a +statistical residue of demographic categories \cite{eckert2012}. Bucholtz and +Hall frame identity as interactionally produced through linguistic and other +semiotic practices, including labels, stances, styles, and structures +\cite{bucholtzhall2005}. + +Language ideology adds a second warning. Irvine and Gal's mechanisms of +iconization, fractal recursivity, and erasure show how communities and observers +turn linguistic differences into social facts, often by hiding internal +variation or projecting ideology back onto language \cite{irvinegal2000}. +Therefore a Weksa schema must distinguish: + +\begin{itemize}[noitemsep] + \item a form's grammatical function; + \item its indexical meaning in a speech community; + \item the ideology outsiders attach to it; + \item whether the current speaker has standing to use it. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{AAVE/AAL Must Be Modeled as Grammar Plus Social Authority} + +African American English, also discussed as African American Language, is a +systematic variety with its own grammatical, phonological, lexical, and +discourse patterns. Rickford's work treats AAVE as structurally rich and +educationally significant \cite{rickford1999,rickford2016}. Green's linguistic +introduction provides a grammatical account of African American English +\cite{green2002}. The Yale Grammatical Diversity Project documents features +such as invariant or habitual \emph{be}, while ORAAL and CORAAL provide +linguistic-pattern and corpus anchors for real data rather than stereotype +\cite{yaleInvariantBe,oraalPatterns,coraal}. + +The schema implication is blunt: AAVE/AAL cannot be represented as slang, +misspelling, or accent. It needs a dialect profile with: + +\begin{itemize}[noitemsep] + \item tense--modality--aspect affordances such as habitual \emph{be}, + stressed \emph{BIN}, completive \emph{done}, and negative concord; + \item discourse and stance patterns grounded in source evidence; + \item regional and speaker variation; + \item activation gates based on speaker identity, scene, community, and + authorial permission; + \item anti-caricature constraints. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Scottish Targets Require Varietal Separation} + +``Highland Scottish'' is not a clean linguistic target. A generation system must +separate Scots, Scottish Standard English, Highland English, and Scottish +Gaelic. The Scots Syntax Atlas documents syntactic variation across Scots +varieties with data from hundreds of speakers and many locations +\cite{scotsSyntaxAtlas}. Dictionaries of the Scots Language document Older and +Modern Scots as a historical lexicographic resource \cite{dsl}. Aitken's +Scots--English continuum remains an important conceptual anchor +\cite{aitken1984}. Highland English, by contrast, is Scottish English used in +areas shaped by Gaelic contact, especially the Highlands and Hebrides +\cite{highlandEnglish}. + +For Weksa, the desired ``nigh-incomprehensible highland Scottish'' output should +not be a generic eye-dialect. It should be a selected profile stack: + +\begin{itemize}[noitemsep] + \item \texttt{en-GB.scotland.highland\_english} for Gaelic-substrate Scottish + English; + \item \texttt{sco.broad\_scots} or a more specific Scots variety such as + Doric or Shetland Scots when Scots, not Highland English, is intended; + \item an intelligibility-density control that can increase local lexical, + syntactic, and orthographic density only when evidence supports it. +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{AI Dialect Work Makes Guardrails Structural, Not Optional} + +Dialect lowering must be treated as a high-risk generation task. Koenecke et +al. found racial disparities in automated speech recognition, with commercial +systems producing higher error rates for Black speakers than white speakers +\cite{koenecke2020}. Hofmann et al. show that language models can exhibit covert +racism triggered by African American English features, even when overt race +labels are absent \cite{hofmann2024}. This means Weksa must not simply ask a +model to ``make it AAVE'' or ``make it Scots.'' The state document must carry +authority, evidence, activation requirements, and forbidden uses into the +lowering path. + +\subsection{Brazilian Portuguese Requires Profile Stacks, Not a Single Dialect} + +Brazilian Portuguese is too internally diverse to be represented by a single +``pt-BR flavor.'' The Atlas Linguistico do Brasil (ALiB) is a national +geolinguistic anchor for regional variation and frames Brazilian Portuguese as a +multidimensional object of description \cite{alibInfo}. NURC and NURC/SP +document the cultivated urban norm in major Brazilian capitals and provide a +useful anchor for formal, media-facing, or educated urban registers +\cite{nurcsp}. Projeto SP2010 supplies a sociolinguistic corpus of Sao Paulo +speech with metadata filters for region, class, gender, age, family generation +in the city, and income \cite{sp2010}. These are the variables a lowering +system must preserve as retrieval filters rather than flattening into +``Brazilian.'' + +Therefore Weksa should model Brazilian targets as profile stacks: + +\begin{itemize}[noitemsep] + \item \texttt{pt-BR.base}: broad Brazilian Portuguese defaults. + \item \texttt{pt-BR.rio.urban\_slang}: an urban Rio/carioca slang overlay, + activated only by scene, speaker, or authoring context. + \item \texttt{pt-BR.sao\_paulo.broadcast\_reporter}: a media-facing Sao + Paulo register, anchored in cultivated urban norm and broadcast style rather + than street slang. + \item \texttt{pt-BR.minas.worker}: a Minas Gerais regional profile plus + occupational/class persona pressure. ``Worker'' is not a dialect; it is a + social and occupational register layered over a regional profile. +\end{itemize} + +The Minas target is especially sensitive. Academic work on Mineiro speech +describes phonological, morphosyntactic, lexical, pragmatic, and historical +variation, but ``worker'' must not become shorthand for rurality, low +education, comedy, or class contempt \cite{mineiroVariation,mineiroHistoria}. +The schema must keep regional dialect, occupation, class, education, and persona +as separate axes. + +\subsection{Japanese Requires Regional and Historical Axes} + +Japanese target profiles need both geography and period. COJADS, the Corpus of +Japanese Dialects, is a NINJAL corpus of discourse audio from Japanese dialects +and provides a major evidence source for contemporary regional speech +\cite{cojads}. LT4All documentation describes the role of COJADS and related +language-resource work for endangered languages and dialects in Japan +\cite{lt4allJapan}. The Corpus of Historical Japanese (CHJ) provides diachronic +materials from early historical periods through later eras, while ONCOJ focuses +on Old Japanese with syntactic annotation \cite{chj,oncoj}. LAJaR adds a +typological atlas perspective across Japanese and Ryukyuan varieties +\cite{lajar2024}. + +For Weksa this implies at least four independent axes: + +\begin{itemize}[noitemsep] + \item region or dialect area, such as Kansai, Tohoku, Kagoshima, Hachijo, or + Tokyo; + \item relationship to Ryukyuan languages and Okinawan Japanese, without + collapsing Ryukyuan languages into Japanese dialect decoration; + \item historical period, such as Old Japanese, Early Middle Japanese, Edo, or + Meiji/Taisho; + \item register and social relation, including politeness, honorific pressure, + sentence-final particles, and stance. +\end{itemize} + +Historical Japanese output should therefore use a period profile, not merely +archaic vocabulary. A profile like +\texttt{ja-JP.historical.early\_edo.commoner} would need period, region, genre, +orthographic convention, evidence corpus, and reviewer status. + +\subsection{Qdrant Is Retrieval, CultCache Is Authority} + +The cultural database can live in Qdrant for semantic retrieval, but Qdrant must +not own accepted language truth. Qdrant stores points with vectors and payloads; +its filtering system allows semantic search to be constrained by structured +metadata such as language, region, period, source type, and license +\cite{qdrantFiltering,qdrantPayload}. This is useful during utterance lowering: +the lowerer can retrieve candidate evidence for a requested dialect or cultural +profile. + +The authority boundary should be: + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,breaklines=true] +Qdrant: + owns: semantic retrieval over source chunks, examples, notes, and citations + does_not_own: accepted cultural ontology profiles + +CultCache: + owns: typed cultural ontology profile documents, reviewed overlays, + activation gates, evidence hashes, and lowering trace witnesses +\end{lstlisting} + +During lowering, Weksa should assemble an evidence bundle from Qdrant, but only +a reviewed or explicitly provisional CultCache profile may authorize a dialectal +target. A Qdrant nearest neighbor is a witness candidate, not a cultural fact. + +\section{Design Principles for Weksa} + +\begin{enumerate} + \item \textbf{Meaning stays upstream.} Interlingua owns referents, + predications, relations, modality, and discourse intent. + \item \textbf{Culture owns salience and risk.} Cultural ontology owns which + distinctions must be inspected and which forms carry social meaning. + \item \textbf{Dialect owns affordances, not costume.} Dialect profiles expose + grammar, phonology, lexicon, discourse, and orthography as selectable, + evidence-backed affordances. + \item \textbf{Activation is gated.} A profile activates only when the speaker, + scene, community, or authoring metadata justifies it. + \item \textbf{Density is controlled.} Output may vary from light marking to + dense community-internal style, but density is an explicit control. + \item \textbf{Backtranslation is audit only.} Backtranslation helps review, + but it must not become the source for other targets. + \item \textbf{Forbidden flattenings are schema data.} Anti-caricature, + anti-erasure, and anti-appropriation constraints belong in the state document, + not in downstream apology prose. +\end{enumerate} + +\section{Proposed CultCache State Shape} + +The following shape should become a typed CultCache document family: +\texttt{weksa.cultural\_ontology\_profile.v0}. It can represent base languages, +dialects, sociolects, regional overlays, ritual registers, and communities of +practice. + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,breaklines=true] +schema: weksa.cultural_ontology_profile.v0 +profile_id: weksa.cultural_ontology.en-US.aal.v0 +kind: base_language | dialect | sociolect | regional_overlay | + religious_overlay | community_of_practice +status: draft | reviewed | deprecated + +language: + code: en + locale: en-US + script: Latn + variety_label: + endonyms: [] + exonyms: [] + +parent_profiles: + - weksa.target_cultural_ontology.en-US.v0 + +retrieval: + qdrant_collection: weksa_cultural_ontology_sources + required_payload_filters: + language_code: + locale: + region: + dialect: + period: + register: + source_type: + license: + retrieval_policy: + min_sources: + require_human_review_for: + - marginalized_or_stigmatized_dialect + - sacred_or_ritual_register + - historical_reconstruction + +community: + regions: [] + speech_community: + historical_context: + identity_authority: + consent_notes: + +activation: + allowed_when: + - speaker_profile_refs_profile + - scene_context_refs_profile + - authoring_metadata_requests_profile + forbidden_when: + - generic_flavor + - mockery + - outsider_performance_without_authority + required_confidence: reviewed | provisional | exploratory + +salience_axes: + temporality_aspect: + distinctions: [] + lowering_questions: [] + stance: + distinctions: [] + lowering_questions: [] + social_relation: + distinctions: [] + lowering_questions: [] + identity_indexing: + distinctions: [] + lowering_questions: [] + sacred_or_ritual_context: + distinctions: [] + lowering_questions: [] + +linguistic_affordances: + grammar_features: [] + phonology_features: [] + lexicon_features: [] + discourse_patterns: [] + orthography_features: [] + code_switching: + allowed: + constraints: [] + +style_controls: + density: + min: + max: + default: + intelligibility_target: + options: [broad_audience, local, opaque_to_outsider] + register: + options: [] + +forbidden_flattenings: [] + +evidence: + corpora: [] + reference_works: [] + reviewers: [] + examples: [] + cached_source_refs: [] + qdrant_source_ids: [] + source_hashes: [] + uncertainty: [] + +trace_requirements: + - activated_profile + - axes_used + - features_used + - features_rejected + - reviewer_required +\end{lstlisting} + +Recommended CultCache paths: + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small] +.weksa/cultural-ontology/{profileId}.cc +.weksa/cultural-ontology/{baseProfileId}/overlays/{overlayId}.cc +.weksa/cultural-ontology/catalogs/{catalogId}.cc +.weksa/cultural-ontology/evidence-bundles/{bundleId}.cc +\end{lstlisting} + +\section{Dialect Profile Sketches} + +\subsection{AAVE/AAL} + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,breaklines=true] +schema: weksa.cultural_ontology_profile.v0 +profile_id: weksa.cultural_ontology.en-US.aal.v0 +kind: dialect +status: draft +parent_profiles: + - weksa.target_cultural_ontology.en-US.v0 +activation: + allowed_when: + - speaker_profile_refs_aal + - scene_context_refs_aal_community + - authoring_metadata_requests_reviewed_aal + forbidden_when: + - generic_black_coding + - comedy_accent + - criminality_or_low_intelligence_indexing +salience_axes: + temporality_aspect: + distinctions: + - habituality + - remote_past_or_remote_completion + - completive_result_state + identity_indexing: + distinctions: + - in_group_style + - out_group_performance_risk + - bidialectal_context_switching +linguistic_affordances: + grammar_features: + - invariant_habitual_be + - stressed_BIN + - completive_done + - negative_concord + evidence_refs: + - Green2002 + - Rickford1999 + - CORAAL + - YaleInvariantBe +forbidden_flattenings: + - Do not treat AAL as broken Standard English. + - Do not use AAL to imply criminality, ignorance, comedy, or informality. + - Do not generate dense AAL without speaker/context authority. +\end{lstlisting} + +\subsection{Highland English / Gaelic-Substrate Scottish English} + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,breaklines=true] +schema: weksa.cultural_ontology_profile.v0 +profile_id: weksa.cultural_ontology.en-GB.scotland.highland_english.v0 +kind: regional_overlay +status: draft +parent_profiles: + - weksa.target_cultural_ontology.en-GB.v0 +contact_substrate: + - Scottish Gaelic +activation: + allowed_when: + - speaker_or_scene_refs_highlands_or_hebrides + - speaker_profile_refs_gaelic_substrate_english + forbidden_when: + - generic_scottish_flavor + - pretending_scots_and_gaelic_are_the_same +style_controls: + density: + min: light + max: heavy_reviewed + intelligibility_target: + options: [broad_audience, local, opaque_to_outsider] +forbidden_flattenings: + - Do not collapse Highland English into Scots. + - Do not collapse Scots into Scottish Gaelic. + - Do not use eye-dialect gibberish as authenticity. +\end{lstlisting} + +\subsection{Broad Scots / Doric / Shetland as Separate Profiles} + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,breaklines=true] +schema: weksa.cultural_ontology_profile.v0 +profile_id: weksa.cultural_ontology.sco.broad_scots.v0 +kind: dialect_or_language_profile +status: draft +language: + code: sco + locale: Scotland +parent_profiles: + - weksa.cultural_ontology.en-GB.scotland.continuum.v0 +activation: + allowed_when: + - scene_or_speaker_refs_scots + - authoring_metadata_selects_scots_variety + forbidden_when: + - generic_highland_english + - generic_accent_joke +style_controls: + density: + min: light_scots_lexis + max: broad_reviewed_scots + intelligibility_target: + options: [broad_audience, local, opaque_to_outsider] +evidence: + corpora: + - ScotsSyntaxAtlas + reference_works: + - DictionariesOfTheScotsLanguage +\end{lstlisting} + +\subsection{Brazilian Regional Targets} + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,breaklines=true] +schema: weksa.cultural_ontology_profile.v0 +profile_id: weksa.cultural_ontology.pt-BR.rio.urban_slang.v0 +kind: regional_overlay +status: draft_guarded +parent_profiles: + - weksa.target_cultural_ontology.pt-BR.v0 +activation: + allowed_when: + - scene_or_speaker_refs_rio_urban_context + - authoring_metadata_requests_carioca_urban_register + forbidden_when: + - generic_brazilian_flavor + - comedy_crime_or_hypersexualized_indexing +retrieval: + qdrant_collection: weksa_cultural_ontology_sources + required_payload_filters: + language_code: pt + locale: pt-BR + region: Rio de Janeiro + source_type: [corpus, sociolinguistic_study, reviewed_example] +style_controls: + density: + min: light + max: reviewed_dense +forbidden_flattenings: + - Do not treat Rio slang as all Brazilian Portuguese. + - Do not use slang density to imply criminality or unseriousness. +\end{lstlisting} + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,breaklines=true] +schema: weksa.cultural_ontology_profile.v0 +profile_id: weksa.cultural_ontology.pt-BR.sao_paulo.broadcast_reporter.v0 +kind: institutional_register_overlay +status: draft +parent_profiles: + - weksa.target_cultural_ontology.pt-BR.v0 +evidence: + corpora: + - NURC_SP + - Projeto_SP2010 +activation: + allowed_when: + - speaker_role_is_broadcast_reporter + - scene_medium_is_news_or_public_institutional_speech +style_controls: + density: + default: low_regional_marking + register: + options: [broadcast_neutral, formal_live_report, conversational_anchor] +forbidden_flattenings: + - Do not confuse Sao Paulo media register with all Sao Paulo speech. + - Do not erase intentional informalization when the scene calls for it. +\end{lstlisting} + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,breaklines=true] +schema: weksa.cultural_ontology_profile.v0 +profile_id: weksa.cultural_ontology.pt-BR.minas.worker.v0 +kind: profile_stack_template +status: draft_guarded +parent_profiles: + - weksa.target_cultural_ontology.pt-BR.v0 +stack_axes: + region: Minas Gerais + occupation_or_class_register: worker + education: explicit_or_unknown + rural_urban: explicit_or_unknown +activation: + allowed_when: + - speaker_profile_refs_minas_region + - speaker_profile_refs_worker_or_occupation + forbidden_when: + - class_caricature + - rural_bumpkin_default + - low_intelligence_indexing +forbidden_flattenings: + - Worker is not a dialect. + - Mineiro is not one uniform speech form. + - Do not use eye spelling as a substitute for phonology or grammar evidence. +\end{lstlisting} + +\subsection{Japanese Regional and Historical Targets} + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,breaklines=true] +schema: weksa.cultural_ontology_profile.v0 +profile_id: weksa.cultural_ontology.ja-JP.kansai.casual.v0 +kind: regional_overlay +status: draft +parent_profiles: + - weksa.target_cultural_ontology.ja-JP.v0 +retrieval: + qdrant_collection: weksa_cultural_ontology_sources + required_payload_filters: + language_code: ja + region: Kansai + period: contemporary + source_type: [corpus, dialect_reference, reviewed_example] +salience_axes: + sentence_final_force: + politeness: + stance: + humor_or_informality_indexing: +\end{lstlisting} + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small,breaklines=true] +schema: weksa.cultural_ontology_profile.v0 +profile_id: weksa.cultural_ontology.ja-JP.historical.early_edo.v0 +kind: historical_period_profile +status: draft_guarded +parent_profiles: + - weksa.target_cultural_ontology.ja-JP.v0 +retrieval: + qdrant_collection: weksa_cultural_ontology_sources + required_payload_filters: + language_code: ja + period: Edo + source_type: [historical_corpus, scholarly_reference] +activation: + allowed_when: + - scene_period_refs_edo + - authoring_metadata_requests_historical_japanese + forbidden_when: + - generic_archaic_flavor + - anime_period_speech_without_source +evidence: + corpora: + - Corpus_of_Historical_Japanese + - ONCOJ_when_old_japanese_not_edo +forbidden_flattenings: + - Do not use modern dialect stereotypes as historical Japanese. + - Do not mix periods unless the source intentionally codes anachronism. +\end{lstlisting} + +\section{Implementation Consequences} + +Weksa should not implement dialect lowering as a prompt modifier. The lowering +path should compile a profile stack: + +\begin{lstlisting}[basicstyle=\ttfamily\small] +interlingua packet + -> projected speaker context + -> cultural ontology profile stack + -> dialect/register realization plan + -> target utterance + -> trace naming profile axes and features used +\end{lstlisting} + +The cultural ontology profile should be inspectable as CultCache state before +runtime lowering. A target utterance trace should name: + +\begin{itemize}[noitemsep] + \item which profile stack activated; + \item which salience axes mattered; + \item which grammatical or lexical affordances were used; + \item which affordances were rejected; + \item whether human review is required. +\end{itemize} + +\section{Conclusion} + +The contemporary Sapir--Whorf lesson for Weksa is not that culture determines +thought. It is that culture and speech-community practice shape what must be +noticed, what can be said naturally, what indexes identity, and what becomes +dangerous when imitated without authority. A useful cultural ontology schema +therefore represents salience, indexicality, ideology, affordance, activation, +evidence, and forbidden flattening. That schema is the missing bridge between +language-neutral interlingua and plausible, reviewable dialectal utterance. + +\section*{Citation Ledger} + +\begin{longtable}{>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.28\linewidth} + >{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{0.66\linewidth}} +\textbf{Source} & \textbf{Use in Weksa synthesis} \\ +\hline +Slobin 1996 & Supports the ``thinking for speaking'' mechanism: language +guides attention during utterance formulation, not total cognition. \\ +Lucy 1992, 1997 & Provides the careful reformulation of linguistic relativity +as empirical comparison of language categories and interpretation. \\ +Gumperz and Levinson 1996 & Frames relativity as language, culture, and +classification, with conversational inference as a key cultural site. \\ +Wolff and Holmes 2011 & Contemporary cognitive review: relativity is contested +but supported in bounded mechanisms and domains. \\ +Silverstein 2003 & Supplies indexical order: forms presuppose and create +social context at multiple levels. \\ +Eckert 2012 & Treats variation as social meaning, supporting dialect profiles +as more than demographic labels. \\ +Bucholtz and Hall 2005 & Identity is interactionally produced and indexed by +linguistic practice; supports activation gates and speaker authority. \\ +Irvine and Gal 2000 & Language ideology mechanisms warn against erasure, +iconization, and flattening. \\ +Green 2002; Rickford 1999, 2016 & Establish AAVE/AAL as systematic grammar and +socially meaningful language practice. \\ +CORAAL, ORAAL, Yale Grammatical Diversity Project & Provide corpus and pattern +anchors for AAL features and reviewed examples. \\ +Scots Syntax Atlas, DSL, Aitken 1984 & Provide dialectological and +lexicographic anchors for Scots and the Scots--English continuum. \\ +Highland English reference & Warns that Highland English is Gaelic-contact +Scottish English, not simply Scots. \\ +ALiB, NURC/SP, Projeto SP2010 & Anchor Brazilian Portuguese variation, +cultivated urban norms, and Sao Paulo sociolinguistic metadata. \\ +Mineiro studies & Warn that Minas Gerais speech must be represented as +regional variation plus social/persona axes, not as class caricature. \\ +COJADS, CHJ, ONCOJ, LAJaR & Anchor contemporary Japanese dialect evidence, +historical Japanese evidence, Old Japanese annotation, and Japanese/Ryukyuan +typological coverage. \\ +Qdrant documentation & Supports the retrieval architecture: vectors plus +payload filters for semantic evidence search. \\ +Koenecke et al. 2020; Hofmann et al. 2024 & Show automated systems fail and +discriminate around dialects; justify structural guardrails. \\ +\end{longtable} + +\begin{thebibliography}{99} + +\bibitem{alibInfo} +Projeto Atlas Linguistico do Brasil (ALiB). +``The Linguistic Atlas of Brazil.'' +Universidade Federal da Bahia. +\url{https://alib.ufba.br/sites/alib.ufba.br/files/informacoes_em_ingles.pdf}. + +\bibitem{aitken1984} +Aitken, A. J. 1984. +``Scots and English in Scotland.'' +In Peter Trudgill (ed.), \emph{Language in the British Isles}. +Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. +Available via the Scots Language Centre: +\url{https://media.scotslanguage.com/library/document/aitken/Scots_and_English_in_Scotland.pdf}. + +\bibitem{bucholtzhall2005} +Bucholtz, Mary, and Kira Hall. 2005. +``Identity and interaction: A sociocultural linguistic approach.'' +\emph{Discourse Studies} 7(4--5):585--614. +\url{https://doi.org/10.1177/1461445605054407}. + +\bibitem{coraal} +Kendall, Tyler, and Charlie Farrington. +\emph{Corpus of Regional African American Language (CORAAL)}. +Online Resources for African American Language. +\url{https://oraal.github.io/coraal}. + +\bibitem{chj} +National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL). +\emph{Corpus of Historical Japanese (CHJ): Overview}. +\url{https://clrd.ninjal.ac.jp/chj/overview-en.html}. + +\bibitem{cojads} +National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL). +\emph{Corpus of Japanese Dialects (COJADS)}. +\url{https://www2.ninjal.ac.jp/cojads/index.html}. + +\bibitem{dsl} +Dictionaries of the Scots Language. +\emph{DSL Online}. +\url{https://dsl.ac.uk/our-publications/what-is-dsl/}. + +\bibitem{eckert2012} +Eckert, Penelope. 2012. +``Three waves of variation study: The emergence of meaning in the study of +variation.'' +\emph{Annual Review of Anthropology} 41:87--100. +\url{https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092611-145828}. + +\bibitem{green2002} +Green, Lisa J. 2002. +\emph{African American English: A Linguistic Introduction}. +Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. +\url{https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/african-american-english/4CE71E97BA60212C94A342CC7F912250}. + +\bibitem{gumperzlevinson1996} +Gumperz, John J., and Stephen C. Levinson, eds. 1996. +\emph{Rethinking Linguistic Relativity}. +Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. +\url{https://books.google.com/books/about/Rethinking_Linguistic_Relativity.html?id=o7U7PgAACAAJ}. + +\bibitem{highlandEnglish} +McArthur, Tom, ed. +``Highland English.'' +\emph{Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language}, entry reproduced at +Encyclopedia.com. +\url{https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/highland-english}. + +\bibitem{hofmann2024} +Hofmann, Valentin, Pratyusha Ria Kalluri, Dan Jurafsky, and Sharese King. 2024. +``AI generates covertly racist decisions about people based on their dialect.'' +\emph{Nature} 633:147--154. +\url{https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07856-5}. + +\bibitem{irvinegal2000} +Irvine, Judith T., and Susan Gal. 2000. +``Language ideology and linguistic differentiation.'' +In Paul V. Kroskrity (ed.), \emph{Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, +and Identities}, 35--83. +Santa Fe: School of American Research Press. + +\bibitem{koenecke2020} +Koenecke, Allison, Andrew Nam, Emily Lake, Joe Nudell, Minnie Quartey, Zion +Mengesha, Connor Toups, John R. Rickford, Dan Jurafsky, and Sharad Goel. 2020. +``Racial disparities in automated speech recognition.'' +\emph{Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences} 117(14):7684--7689. +\url{https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915768117}. + +\bibitem{lucy1992} +Lucy, John A. 1992. +\emph{Language Diversity and Thought: A Reformulation of the Linguistic +Relativity Hypothesis}. +Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. + +\bibitem{lucy1997} +Lucy, John A. 1997. +``Linguistic relativity.'' +\emph{Annual Review of Anthropology} 26:291--312. +\url{https://www.linguisticanthropology.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/1997-Lucy-LinguisticRelativity-s.pdf}. + +\bibitem{lajar2024} +Kato, Kanji, So Miyagawa, and Natsuko Nakagawa. 2024. +``Language Atlas of Japanese and Ryukyuan (LAJaR): A Linguistic Typology +Database for Endangered Japonic Languages.'' +In \emph{Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Research in Computational +Linguistic Typology and Multilingual NLP}, 55--57. +Association for Computational Linguistics. +\url{https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.sigtyp-1.7}. + +\bibitem{lt4allJapan} +National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics (NINJAL). 2019. +``Language Resources for Endangered Languages and Dialects in Japan.'' +\emph{Proceedings of Language Technologies for All (LT4All)}, 371--374. +\url{https://lt4all.elra.info/proceedings/lt4all2019/pdf/2019.lt4all-1.93.pdf}. + +\bibitem{mineiroHistoria} +Ribeiro, Silvana Soares Costa. 2016. +``A relacao entre dialetologia e historia: reflexoes teorico-metodologicas +para o estudo do portugues usado em Minas Gerais.'' +\emph{Gragoata}. +\url{https://periodicos.uff.br/gragoata/article/view/33374}. + +\bibitem{mineiroVariation} +Oliveira, Gisele et al. +``A variacao linguistica do `mineires': tracos fonetico-fonologicos, +morfossintaticos, lexicais e pragmaticos em perspectiva sociolinguistica.'' +\emph{Sumarios.org record}. +\url{https://sumarios.org/artigo/varia%C3%A7%C3%A3o-lingu%C3%ADstica-do-%E2%80%9Cmineir%C3%AAs%E2%80%9D-tra%C3%A7os-fon%C3%A9tico-fonol%C3%B3gicos-morfossint%C3%A1ticos-lexicais-e}. + +\bibitem{nurcsp} +Pellegrino, Alexandre, Aline B. Mendes, and Marcelo Finger. 2022. +``Bringing NURC/SP to Digital Life: the Role of Open-source Automatic Speech +Recognition Models.'' +\url{https://arxiv.org/abs/2210.07852}. + +\bibitem{oncoj} +University of Oxford and NINJAL. +\emph{Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese (ONCOJ)}. +\url{https://oncoj.ninjal.ac.jp/}. + +\bibitem{oraalPatterns} +Online Resources for African American Language. +``African American Language Linguistic Patterns.'' +\url{https://oraal.github.io/aal-linguistic-patterns}. + +\bibitem{qdrantFiltering} +Qdrant. +``Filtering.'' +\url{https://qdrant.tech/documentation/search/filtering/}. + +\bibitem{qdrantPayload} +Qdrant. +``A Complete Guide to Filtering in Vector Search.'' +\url{https://qdrant.tech/articles/vector-search-filtering/}. + +\bibitem{rickford1999} +Rickford, John R. 1999. +\emph{African American Vernacular English: Features, Evolution, Educational +Implications}. +Oxford: Blackwell. +\url{https://www.wiley-vch.de/de/fachgebiete/geistes-und-sozialwissenschaften/african-american-vernacular-english-978-0-631-21245-4}. + +\bibitem{rickford2016} +Rickford, John R. 2016. +``Labov's contributions to the study of African American Vernacular English: +Pursuing linguistic and social equity.'' +\emph{Journal of Sociolinguistics} 20(4):561--580. +\url{https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12198}. + +\bibitem{scotsSyntaxAtlas} +Scots Syntax Atlas. +``Research context'' and ``About the data.'' +University of Glasgow project. +\url{https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/research-context/}; +\url{https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/about/about-the-data/}. + +\bibitem{sp2010} +Projeto SP2010. +``Corpus.'' +Universidade de Sao Paulo. +\url{https://projetosp2010.fflch.usp.br/corpus}. + +\bibitem{silverstein2003} +Silverstein, Michael. 2003. +``Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life.'' +\emph{Language \& Communication} 23(3--4):193--229. +\url{https://doi.org/10.1016/S0271-5309(03)00013-2}. + +\bibitem{slobin1996} +Slobin, Dan I. 1996. +``From `thought and language' to `thinking for speaking'.'' +In John J. Gumperz and Stephen C. Levinson (eds.), +\emph{Rethinking Linguistic Relativity}, 70--96. +Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. + +\bibitem{wolffholmes2011} +Wolff, Phillip, and Kevin J. Holmes. 2011. +``Linguistic relativity.'' +\emph{Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science} 2(3):253--265. +\url{https://doi.org/10.1002/wcs.104}. + +\bibitem{yaleInvariantBe} +Yale Grammatical Diversity Project. +``Invariant be.'' +\url{https://ygdp.yale.edu/phenomena/invariant-be}. + +\end{thebibliography} + +\end{document} diff --git a/docs/research/cultural-ontology/sources/manifest.md b/docs/research/cultural-ontology/sources/manifest.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..842b2f5 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/research/cultural-ontology/sources/manifest.md @@ -0,0 +1,82 @@ +# Cultural Ontology Source Manifest + +Created: 2026-06-09 + +This manifest records sources gathered for +`docs/cultural-ontology-meta-analysis.tex`. Open PDFs are cached when available. +Books, corpus sites, documentation pages, and unavailable PDFs are recorded as +live references. + +## Cached PDFs + +Files live under `docs/research/cultural-ontology/sources/pdfs/`. + +| File | Bytes | SHA-256 | Source URL | Use | +| --- | ---: | --- | --- | --- | +| `aitken-1984-scots-and-english-in-scotland.pdf` | 1226119 | `91158235ce9bc5b7ab29860a6b280f4614220283630bca961f41aa9831fe9d2a` | https://media.scotslanguage.com/library/document/aitken/Scots_and_English_in_Scotland.pdf | Scots-English continuum. | +| `alib-english-info.pdf` | 134303 | `841934af5c8e8126623348a1c728887bbf25d57fc33c2fba40f265671bd8ee1a` | https://alib.ufba.br/sites/alib.ufba.br/files/informacoes_em_ingles.pdf | Brazilian geolinguistic atlas anchor. | +| `bucholtz-hall-2005-identity-interaction.pdf` | 188579 | `df3ad035c31084c9ab310e75edeea6617d2386da2a66fe7ba87d3974e512a25b` | https://bucholtz.linguistics.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.ling.d7_b/files/sitefiles/research/publications/BucholtzHall2005-DiscourseStudies.pdf | Identity/indexicality. | +| `eckert-2012-three-waves.pdf` | 5615454 | `ebbef075a1f4796d1d9cea09f2e817e540433f9f4586061034d5bdc6a29ccf80` | https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/b/91619/files/2020/10/Eckert-2012.pdf | Third-wave sociolinguistic variation. | +| `hofmann-2024-ai-dialect-prejudice-arxiv.pdf` | 8337888 | `9a9ecdf3e18fff118a2a17afbe9e57401f6a48579007744c7d338d0ba8a3dc12` | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2403.00742 | Preprint copy for Nature dialect-prejudice paper. | +| `kendall-farrington-coraal-data-management.pdf` | 215666 | `11d790f4ee3c4531bf2ba773694152d12267a86bd00c95bfca8329e68e1ebd2c` | https://pages.uoregon.edu/tsk/pdfs/tf/KendallFarrington_DMUC_CORAAL.pdf | CORAAL data-management/corpus anchor. | +| `lajar-2024-japanese-ryukyuan-atlas.pdf` | 97933 | `f112a35724ea51af583babea03b190bc57e91febb132bdc1fd46bb502d8c10dd` | https://aclanthology.org/2024.sigtyp-1.7.pdf | Japanese/Ryukyuan typology database. | +| `lt4all-2019-endangered-languages-japan-cojads.pdf` | 45921639 | `7aeff1e6a20fce2d0ab6cbeb62c14c65559de86952aafa71695857bcd7f8770a` | https://lt4all.elra.info/proceedings/lt4all2019/pdf/2019.lt4all-1.93.pdf | COJADS/endangered languages in Japan. | +| `lucy-1997-linguistic-relativity.pdf` | 1465375 | `6faefd00a33ba48bc5d361c4e1c20497b8f4913e4b117fa2506d4a0c04e89352` | https://www.linguisticanthropology.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/1997-Lucy-LinguisticRelativity-s.pdf | Linguistic relativity review. | +| `nurc-sp-digital-life-2022.pdf` | 1191465 | `a28a4656efe497931c1216f9c06bd0d0673d863a18741f7fcd70f4af26ca8c19` | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2210.07852 | NURC/SP corpus and ASR modernization. | +| `silverstein-2003-indexical-order.pdf` | 564834 | `1c77d230c48dc2c6e8c390f89b5722d37dc131724b1baafa4621412f9ff9d2e4` | https://web.stanford.edu/~eckert/Courses/ParisPapers/Silverstein2003.pdf | Indexical order. | +| `wolff-holmes-2011-linguistic-relativity.pdf` | 204993 | `7094adfdaf0a0878bac5e858640a133b12b1af437fb1c2e0d8017e78bb720b10` | https://www.reed.edu/psychology/thought-lab/assets/publications/Wolff%20_%20Holmes%202011%20-%20WIREs%20Cognitive%20Science.pdf | Contemporary linguistic relativity review. | + +## Live References Not Cached + +- Slobin, Dan I. 1996. `From "thought and language" to "thinking for speaking"`. + In `Rethinking Linguistic Relativity`. Book chapter; no open standalone PDF + cached. +- Lucy, John A. 1992. `Language Diversity and Thought`. Book; no open PDF + cached. +- Gumperz, John J., and Stephen C. Levinson, eds. 1996. + `Rethinking Linguistic Relativity`. Book; no open PDF cached. +- Green, Lisa J. 2002. `African American English: A Linguistic Introduction`. + Book; no open PDF cached. +- Rickford, John R. 1999. `African American Vernacular English: Features, + Evolution, Educational Implications`. Book; no open PDF cached. +- Rickford, John R. 2016. `Labov's contributions to the study of African + American Vernacular English`. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/josl.12198. +- Yale Grammatical Diversity Project, `Invariant be`: + https://ygdp.yale.edu/phenomena/invariant-be. +- ORAAL African American Language patterns: + https://oraal.github.io/aal-linguistic-patterns. +- CORAAL corpus landing page: https://oraal.github.io/coraal. +- Scots Syntax Atlas research context: + https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/research-context/. +- Scots Syntax Atlas data page: + https://scotssyntaxatlas.ac.uk/about/about-the-data/. +- Dictionaries of the Scots Language: + https://dsl.ac.uk/our-publications/what-is-dsl/. +- Highland English reference: + https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/highland-english. +- Projeto SP2010 corpus: + https://projetosp2010.fflch.usp.br/corpus. +- Mineiro dialect/history source: + https://periodicos.uff.br/gragoata/article/view/33374. +- Mineiro variation source record: + https://sumarios.org/artigo/varia%C3%A7%C3%A3o-lingu%C3%ADstica-do-%E2%80%9Cmineir%C3%AAs%E2%80%9D-tra%C3%A7os-fon%C3%A9tico-fonol%C3%B3gicos-morfossint%C3%A1ticos-lexicais-e. +- NINJAL COJADS: + https://www2.ninjal.ac.jp/cojads/index.html. +- NINJAL Corpus of Historical Japanese: + https://clrd.ninjal.ac.jp/chj/overview-en.html. +- ONCOJ: + https://oncoj.ninjal.ac.jp/. +- Qdrant filtering docs: + https://qdrant.tech/documentation/search/filtering/. +- Qdrant vector-search filtering article: + https://qdrant.tech/articles/vector-search-filtering/. + +## Failed Or Partial PDF Retrievals + +- Nature hosted PDF for Hofmann et al. returned HTML. Cached the arXiv preprint + instead and kept the Nature DOI in the TeX bibliography. +- NINJAL repository PDF `About_Dialect_Discourse_Data.pdf` returned HTTP 502. +- NINJAL repository PDF `lrec2018sss_kibe.pdf` returned HTTP 502. +- Cambridge `Lifespan changes from above...` PDF URL returned HTML, not a PDF. +- ONCOJ manual URL attempted at `https://oncoj.ninjal.ac.jp/documents/ONCOJ_Manual.pdf` + returned HTTP 404. 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