diff --git a/src/app/features/room/RoomInput.tsx b/src/app/features/room/RoomInput.tsx
index b4483d8b..e92ae575 100644
--- a/src/app/features/room/RoomInput.tsx
+++ b/src/app/features/room/RoomInput.tsx
@@ -28,6 +28,8 @@ import {
   config,
   toRem,
 } from 'folds';
+import { RoomOutbox, sendTracked } from './RoomOutbox';
+import { clearDraft, loadDraft, saveDraft } from '../../state/room/composerStore';
 
 import { useMatrixClient } from '../../hooks/useMatrixClient';
 import {
@@ -221,22 +223,66 @@ export const RoomInput = forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, RoomInputProps>(
       useCallback((width) => setHideStickerBtn(width < 500), [])
     );
 
+    const userId = mx.getUserId() ?? '';
+    const draftSaveTimer = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout>>();
+
+    // The atom is only a cache: after a reload it is empty and the stored draft is the truth.
+    useEffect(() => {
+      if (msgDraft.length === 0) {
+        const stored = loadDraft(userId, roomId);
+        if (stored.length > 0) setMsgDraft(stored);
+      }
+      // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+    }, [userId, roomId]);
+
     useEffect(() => {
       Transforms.insertFragment(editor, msgDraft);
     }, [editor, msgDraft]);
 
+    const persistDraft = useCallback(() => {
+      clearTimeout(draftSaveTimer.current);
+      draftSaveTimer.current = undefined;
+      saveDraft(userId, roomId, editor.children);
+    }, [userId, roomId, editor]);
+
+    // Write on input (debounced), and flush when the page is hidden or unloading, which is
+    // all a mobile reload gives us.
+    const handleEditorChange = useCallback(() => {
+      clearTimeout(draftSaveTimer.current);
+      draftSaveTimer.current = setTimeout(persistDraft, 400);
+    }, [persistDraft]);
+
+    useEffect(() => {
+      const flush = () => {
+        if (draftSaveTimer.current !== undefined) persistDraft();
+      };
+      const onVisibility = () => {
+        if (document.visibilityState === 'hidden') flush();
+      };
+      window.addEventListener('pagehide', flush);
+      document.addEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisibility);
+      return () => {
+        window.removeEventListener('pagehide', flush);
+        document.removeEventListener('visibilitychange', onVisibility);
+      };
+    }, [persistDraft]);
+
     useEffect(
       () => () => {
+        clearTimeout(draftSaveTimer.current);
+        draftSaveTimer.current = undefined;
         if (!isEmptyEditor(editor)) {
           const parsedDraft = JSON.parse(JSON.stringify(editor.children));
           setMsgDraft(parsedDraft);
+          saveDraft(userId, roomId, parsedDraft);
         } else {
           setMsgDraft([]);
+          clearDraft(userId, roomId);
         }
         resetEditor(editor);
         resetEditorHistory(editor);
       },
-      [roomId, editor, setMsgDraft]
+      [roomId, editor, setMsgDraft, userId]
     );
 
     const handleFileMetadata = useCallback(
@@ -366,12 +412,25 @@ export const RoomInput = forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, RoomInputProps>(
           content['m.relates_to'].is_falling_back = false;
         }
       }
-      mx.sendMessage(roomId, content as any);
+      sendTracked(mx, roomId, content);
+      clearTimeout(draftSaveTimer.current);
+      draftSaveTimer.current = undefined;
+      clearDraft(userId, roomId);
       resetEditor(editor);
       resetEditorHistory(editor);
       setReplyDraft(undefined);
       sendTypingStatus(false);
-    }, [mx, roomId, editor, replyDraft, sendTypingStatus, setReplyDraft, isMarkdown, commands]);
+    }, [
+      mx,
+      roomId,
+      userId,
+      editor,
+      replyDraft,
+      sendTypingStatus,
+      setReplyDraft,
+      isMarkdown,
+      commands,
+    ]);
 
     const handleKeyDown: KeyboardEventHandler = useCallback(
       (evt) => {
@@ -537,44 +596,48 @@ export const RoomInput = forwardRef<HTMLDivElement, RoomInputProps>(
           onKeyDown={handleKeyDown}
           onKeyUp={handleKeyUp}
           onPaste={handlePaste}
+          onChange={handleEditorChange}
           top={
-            replyDraft && (
-              <div>
-                <Box
-                  alignItems="Center"
-                  gap="300"
-                  style={{ padding: `${config.space.S200} ${config.space.S300} 0` }}
-                >
-                  <IconButton
-                    onClick={() => setReplyDraft(undefined)}
-                    variant="SurfaceVariant"
-                    size="300"
-                    radii="300"
+            <>
+              <RoomOutbox mx={mx} roomId={roomId} />
+              {replyDraft && (
+                <div>
+                  <Box
+                    alignItems="Center"
+                    gap="300"
+                    style={{ padding: `${config.space.S200} ${config.space.S300} 0` }}
                   >
-                    <Icon src={Icons.Cross} size="50" />
-                  </IconButton>
-                  <Box direction="Row" gap="200" alignItems="Center">
-                    {replyDraft.relation?.rel_type === RelationType.Thread && <ThreadIndicator />}
-                    <ReplyLayout
-                      userColor={replyUsernameColor}
-                      username={
-                        <Text size="T300" truncate>
-                          <b>
-                            {getMemberDisplayName(room, replyDraft.userId) ??
-                              getMxIdLocalPart(replyDraft.userId) ??
-                              replyDraft.userId}
-                          </b>
-                        </Text>
-                      }
+                    <IconButton
+                      onClick={() => setReplyDraft(undefined)}
+                      variant="SurfaceVariant"
+                      size="300"
+                      radii="300"
                     >
-                      <Text size="T300" truncate>
-                        {trimReplyFromBody(replyDraft.body)}
-                      </Text>
-                    </ReplyLayout>
+                      <Icon src={Icons.Cross} size="50" />
+                    </IconButton>
+                    <Box direction="Row" gap="200" alignItems="Center">
+                      {replyDraft.relation?.rel_type === RelationType.Thread && <ThreadIndicator />}
+                      <ReplyLayout
+                        userColor={replyUsernameColor}
+                        username={
+                          <Text size="T300" truncate>
+                            <b>
+                              {getMemberDisplayName(room, replyDraft.userId) ??
+                                getMxIdLocalPart(replyDraft.userId) ??
+                                replyDraft.userId}
+                            </b>
+                          </Text>
+                        }
+                      >
+                        <Text size="T300" truncate>
+                          {trimReplyFromBody(replyDraft.body)}
+                        </Text>
+                      </ReplyLayout>
+                    </Box>
                   </Box>
-                </Box>
-              </div>
-            )
+                </div>
+              )}
+            </>
           }
           before={
             <IconButton
diff --git a/src/app/features/room/RoomOutbox.test.ts b/src/app/features/room/RoomOutbox.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..df22f9d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/features/room/RoomOutbox.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest';
+import { loadOutbox } from '../../state/room/composerStore';
+import { sendTracked } from './RoomOutbox';
+
+const stubLocalStorage = () => {
+  const m = new Map<string, string>();
+  vi.stubGlobal('localStorage', {
+    getItem: (k: string) => m.get(k) ?? null,
+    setItem: (k: string, v: string) => {
+      m.set(k, v);
+    },
+    removeItem: (k: string) => {
+      m.delete(k);
+    },
+  });
+};
+
+const fakeClient = (send: (...a: unknown[]) => Promise<unknown>) =>
+  ({ getUserId: () => '@a:x', makeTxnId: () => 'txn-1', sendMessage: send } as never);
+
+describe('sendTracked', () => {
+  beforeEach(stubLocalStorage);
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.unstubAllGlobals();
+  });
+
+  const content = { msgtype: 'm.text', body: 'typed before reload' };
+
+  it('holds the message in the outbox while the send is in flight, so a reload keeps it', async () => {
+    let finish!: () => void;
+    const mx = fakeClient(
+      () =>
+        new Promise((r) => {
+          finish = () => r({ event_id: '$e' });
+        })
+    );
+    const done = sendTracked(mx, '!r:x', content);
+    expect(loadOutbox('@a:x')).toMatchObject([{ txnId: 'txn-1', status: 'pending', content }]);
+    finish();
+    await done;
+    expect(loadOutbox('@a:x')).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('a failed send stays, marked failed, and is not cleared', async () => {
+    const mx = fakeClient(() => Promise.reject(new Error('ECONNRESET')));
+    await sendTracked(mx, '!r:x', content);
+    expect(loadOutbox('@a:x')).toMatchObject([
+      { txnId: 'txn-1', status: 'failed', error: 'ECONNRESET', content },
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  it('sends under the stored txn id, so a resend after an unknown outcome deduplicates', async () => {
+    const send = vi.fn().mockResolvedValue({});
+    await sendTracked(fakeClient(send), '!r:x', content);
+    expect(send).toHaveBeenCalledWith('!r:x', content, 'txn-1');
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/app/features/room/RoomOutbox.tsx b/src/app/features/room/RoomOutbox.tsx
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cf164472
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/features/room/RoomOutbox.tsx
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+import React, { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { MatrixClient } from 'matrix-js-sdk';
+import { Box, Chip, Text, color, config } from 'folds';
+import {
+  OutboxEntry,
+  enqueueOutbox,
+  failOutbox,
+  loadOutbox,
+  removeOutbox,
+  retryOutbox,
+  subscribeOutbox,
+} from '../../state/room/composerStore';
+
+const attempt = (mx: MatrixClient, userId: string, entry: OutboxEntry): Promise<void> =>
+  mx
+    .sendMessage(entry.roomId, entry.content as never, entry.txnId)
+    .then(() => removeOutbox(userId, entry.txnId))
+    .catch((e: unknown) =>
+      failOutbox(userId, entry.txnId, e instanceof Error ? e.message : String(e))
+    );
+
+/** Send a message, keeping it in the durable outbox until the server confirms it. */
+export const sendTracked = (
+  mx: MatrixClient,
+  roomId: string,
+  content: Record<string, unknown>
+): Promise<void> => {
+  const userId = mx.getUserId() ?? '';
+  const entry = { roomId, content, txnId: mx.makeTxnId() };
+  enqueueOutbox(userId, entry);
+  return attempt(mx, userId, { ...entry, status: 'pending', ts: Date.now() });
+};
+
+export const useRoomOutbox = (userId: string, roomId: string): OutboxEntry[] => {
+  const read = () => loadOutbox(userId).filter((e) => e.roomId === roomId);
+  const [entries, setEntries] = useState(read);
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setEntries(read());
+    return subscribeOutbox(() => setEntries(read()));
+    // eslint-disable-next-line react-hooks/exhaustive-deps
+  }, [userId, roomId]);
+  return entries;
+};
+
+/** Entries still 'pending' that predate this page load lost their promise in a reload: outcome unknown. */
+const pageStart = Date.now();
+
+type RoomOutboxProps = { mx: MatrixClient; roomId: string };
+
+/**
+ * Messages this client sent that the server has not confirmed: still sending, or failed.
+ * They also appear here after a reload, since the outbox is durable. Resending reuses the
+ * original txn id, so a send that did land the first time is not duplicated.
+ */
+export function RoomOutbox({ mx, roomId }: RoomOutboxProps) {
+  const userId = mx.getUserId() ?? '';
+  const entries = useRoomOutbox(userId, roomId);
+  if (entries.length === 0) return null;
+
+  return (
+    <Box
+      direction="Column"
+      gap="100"
+      style={{ padding: `${config.space.S200} ${config.space.S300} 0` }}
+    >
+      {entries.map((entry) => {
+        const failed = entry.status === 'failed';
+        const interrupted = !failed && entry.ts < pageStart;
+        const canResend = failed || interrupted;
+        return (
+          <Box key={entry.txnId} alignItems="Center" gap="200" data-outbox-status={entry.status}>
+            <Box grow="Yes" direction="Column">
+              <Text
+                size="T200"
+                style={{ color: failed ? color.Critical.Main : color.Surface.OnContainer }}
+              >
+                {(() => {
+                  if (failed) return `Not sent${entry.error ? `: ${entry.error}` : ''}`;
+                  return interrupted ? 'Interrupted by a reload: may not have been sent' : 'Sending…';
+                })()}
+              </Text>
+              <Text size="T300" truncate>
+                {String(entry.content.body ?? '')}
+              </Text>
+            </Box>
+            {canResend && (
+              <>
+            <Chip
+              variant="Surface"
+              radii="Pill"
+              onClick={() => {
+                retryOutbox(userId, entry.txnId);
+                attempt(mx, userId, entry);
+              }}
+            >
+              <Text size="B300">Resend</Text>
+            </Chip>
+            <Chip variant="Surface" radii="Pill" onClick={() => removeOutbox(userId, entry.txnId)}>
+              <Text size="B300">Discard</Text>
+            </Chip>
+              </>
+            )}
+          </Box>
+        );
+      })}
+    </Box>
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/app/state/room/composerStore.test.ts b/src/app/state/room/composerStore.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..92bdcdfd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/state/room/composerStore.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest';
+import { Descendant } from 'slate';
+import {
+  clearDraft,
+  enqueueOutbox,
+  failOutbox,
+  loadDraft,
+  loadOutbox,
+  removeOutbox,
+  retryOutbox,
+  saveDraft,
+  subscribeOutbox,
+} from './composerStore';
+
+const memoryStore = () => {
+  const m = new Map<string, string>();
+  return {
+    getItem: (k: string) => m.get(k) ?? null,
+    setItem: (k: string, v: string) => {
+      m.set(k, v);
+    },
+    removeItem: (k: string) => {
+      m.delete(k);
+    },
+    size: () => m.size,
+  };
+};
+
+const para = (text: string): Descendant[] => [{ type: 'paragraph', children: [{ text }] } as never];
+
+describe('draft', () => {
+  it('survives a reload: a new read of the same store returns what input wrote', () => {
+    const store = memoryStore();
+    saveDraft('@a:x', '!r:x', para('half a thought'), store);
+    expect(loadDraft('@a:x', '!r:x', store)).toEqual(para('half a thought'));
+  });
+
+  it('is keyed by account and room', () => {
+    const store = memoryStore();
+    saveDraft('@a:x', '!r:x', para('one'), store);
+    expect(loadDraft('@b:x', '!r:x', store)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(loadDraft('@a:x', '!other:x', store)).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('emptying the editor removes the stored draft', () => {
+    const store = memoryStore();
+    saveDraft('@a:x', '!r:x', para('x'), store);
+    saveDraft('@a:x', '!r:x', para(''), store);
+    expect(store.size()).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('clearDraft removes it; corrupt storage reads as no draft', () => {
+    const store = memoryStore();
+    saveDraft('@a:x', '!r:x', para('x'), store);
+    clearDraft('@a:x', '!r:x', store);
+    expect(loadDraft('@a:x', '!r:x', store)).toEqual([]);
+    store.setItem('ratatoskr.draft.@a:x.!r:x', '{not json');
+    expect(loadDraft('@a:x', '!r:x', store)).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('a throwing store (quota) does not throw into the composer', () => {
+    const store = {
+      getItem: () => null,
+      setItem: () => {
+        throw new Error('quota');
+      },
+      removeItem: () => undefined,
+    };
+    expect(() => saveDraft('@a:x', '!r:x', para('x'), store)).not.toThrow();
+  });
+});
+
+describe('outbox', () => {
+  const entry = { txnId: 't1', roomId: '!r:x', content: { msgtype: 'm.text', body: 'hi' } };
+
+  it('keeps a sent message until it is confirmed, across a reload', () => {
+    const store = memoryStore();
+    enqueueOutbox('@a:x', entry, 5, store);
+    const after = loadOutbox('@a:x', store);
+    expect(after).toEqual([{ ...entry, status: 'pending', ts: 5 }]);
+    removeOutbox('@a:x', 't1', store);
+    expect(loadOutbox('@a:x', store)).toEqual([]);
+    expect(store.size()).toBe(0);
+  });
+
+  it('a failed send stays, marked failed with its error; retry returns it to pending', () => {
+    const store = memoryStore();
+    enqueueOutbox('@a:x', entry, 5, store);
+    failOutbox('@a:x', 't1', 'offline', store);
+    expect(loadOutbox('@a:x', store)[0]).toMatchObject({ status: 'failed', error: 'offline' });
+    retryOutbox('@a:x', 't1', store);
+    expect(loadOutbox('@a:x', store)[0]).toMatchObject({ status: 'pending', txnId: 't1' });
+    expect(loadOutbox('@a:x', store)[0].error).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  it('re-enqueueing the same txn id does not duplicate it; other accounts are separate', () => {
+    const store = memoryStore();
+    enqueueOutbox('@a:x', entry, 5, store);
+    enqueueOutbox('@a:x', entry, 6, store);
+    expect(loadOutbox('@a:x', store)).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(loadOutbox('@b:x', store)).toEqual([]);
+  });
+
+  it('notifies subscribers on every change', () => {
+    const store = memoryStore();
+    let n = 0;
+    const off = subscribeOutbox(() => {
+      n += 1;
+    });
+    enqueueOutbox('@a:x', entry, 5, store);
+    removeOutbox('@a:x', 't1', store);
+    off();
+    enqueueOutbox('@a:x', entry, 5, store);
+    expect(n).toBe(2);
+  });
+
+  it('when storage refuses the write, memory keeps the entry so a failed send still shows', () => {
+    const broken = {
+      getItem: () => null,
+      setItem: () => {
+        throw new Error('quota');
+      },
+      removeItem: () => undefined,
+    };
+    enqueueOutbox('@q:x', entry, 5, broken);
+    failOutbox('@q:x', 't1', 'offline', broken);
+    expect(loadOutbox('@q:x', broken)).toMatchObject([{ txnId: 't1', status: 'failed' }]);
+    removeOutbox('@q:x', 't1', broken);
+    expect(loadOutbox('@q:x', broken)).toEqual([]);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/src/app/state/room/composerStore.ts b/src/app/state/room/composerStore.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1cbe54aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/app/state/room/composerStore.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+import { Descendant } from 'slate';
+
+/**
+ * Durable composer state. The in-memory jotai atoms in roomInputDrafts.ts are a cache of this;
+ * a page reload keeps only what was written here.
+ *
+ * Draft: the unsent editor contents of one room, rewritten on input and removed when emptied.
+ * Outbox: a sent message stays here, with its txn id, until the server confirms it. A reload
+ * mid-send therefore leaves it behind to be shown and resent; resending under the same txn id
+ * makes the server deduplicate if the first attempt did land.
+ */
+
+export type OutboxStatus = 'pending' | 'failed';
+
+export type OutboxEntry = {
+  txnId: string;
+  roomId: string;
+  content: Record<string, unknown>;
+  status: OutboxStatus;
+  error?: string;
+  ts: number;
+};
+
+type Store = Pick<Storage, 'getItem' | 'setItem' | 'removeItem'>;
+
+const defaultStore = (): Store | undefined => {
+  try {
+    return localStorage;
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+};
+
+const draftKey = (userId: string, roomId: string) => `ratatoskr.draft.${userId}.${roomId}`;
+const outboxKey = (userId: string) => `ratatoskr.outbox.${userId}`;
+
+const readJson = <T>(store: Store | undefined, key: string): T | undefined => {
+  try {
+    const raw = store?.getItem(key);
+    if (raw === null || raw === undefined) return undefined;
+    return JSON.parse(raw) as T;
+  } catch {
+    return undefined;
+  }
+};
+
+const writeJson = (store: Store | undefined, key: string, value: unknown): boolean => {
+  try {
+    if (!store) return false;
+    store.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(value));
+    return true;
+  } catch {
+    // quota or private mode: the in-memory atom still holds the draft for this session
+    return false;
+  }
+};
+
+const removeKey = (store: Store | undefined, key: string): void => {
+  try {
+    store?.removeItem(key);
+  } catch {
+    // nothing durable to remove
+  }
+};
+
+const isEmptyDraft = (draft: Descendant[]): boolean =>
+  draft.length === 0 ||
+  (draft.length === 1 &&
+    'children' in draft[0] &&
+    draft[0].children.length === 1 &&
+    'text' in draft[0].children[0] &&
+    draft[0].children[0].text === '');
+
+export const loadDraft = (
+  userId: string,
+  roomId: string,
+  store: Store | undefined = defaultStore()
+): Descendant[] => {
+  const draft = readJson<Descendant[]>(store, draftKey(userId, roomId));
+  return Array.isArray(draft) ? draft : [];
+};
+
+export const saveDraft = (
+  userId: string,
+  roomId: string,
+  draft: Descendant[],
+  store: Store | undefined = defaultStore()
+): void => {
+  if (isEmptyDraft(draft)) {
+    removeKey(store, draftKey(userId, roomId));
+    return;
+  }
+  if (!writeJson(store, draftKey(userId, roomId), draft)) removeKey(store, draftKey(userId, roomId));
+};
+
+export const clearDraft = (
+  userId: string,
+  roomId: string,
+  store: Store | undefined = defaultStore()
+): void => {
+  removeKey(store, draftKey(userId, roomId));
+};
+
+/** Outbox contents whose last write to storage failed: memory is then the only copy, so it wins. */
+const unpersisted = new Map<string, OutboxEntry[]>();
+
+export const loadOutbox = (
+  userId: string,
+  store: Store | undefined = defaultStore()
+): OutboxEntry[] => {
+  const held = unpersisted.get(userId);
+  if (held) return held;
+  const entries = readJson<OutboxEntry[]>(store, outboxKey(userId));
+  return Array.isArray(entries) ? entries : [];
+};
+
+const outboxListeners = new Set<() => void>();
+export const subscribeOutbox = (listener: () => void): (() => void) => {
+  outboxListeners.add(listener);
+  return () => outboxListeners.delete(listener);
+};
+
+const saveOutbox = (userId: string, entries: OutboxEntry[], store: Store | undefined) => {
+  const ok =
+    entries.length === 0
+      ? (removeKey(store, outboxKey(userId)), true)
+      : writeJson(store, outboxKey(userId), entries);
+  if (ok) unpersisted.delete(userId);
+  else unpersisted.set(userId, entries);
+  outboxListeners.forEach((l) => l());
+};
+
+export const enqueueOutbox = (
+  userId: string,
+  entry: Omit<OutboxEntry, 'status' | 'ts'>,
+  now: number = Date.now(),
+  store: Store | undefined = defaultStore()
+): void => {
+  const rest = loadOutbox(userId, store).filter((e) => e.txnId !== entry.txnId);
+  saveOutbox(userId, [...rest, { ...entry, status: 'pending', ts: now }], store);
+};
+
+export const failOutbox = (
+  userId: string,
+  txnId: string,
+  error: string,
+  store: Store | undefined = defaultStore()
+): void => {
+  saveOutbox(
+    userId,
+    loadOutbox(userId, store).map((e) =>
+      e.txnId === txnId ? { ...e, status: 'failed', error } : e
+    ),
+    store
+  );
+};
+
+/** Retry in flight: failed goes back to pending so it is not shown as dead while it is sent. */
+export const retryOutbox = (
+  userId: string,
+  txnId: string,
+  store: Store | undefined = defaultStore()
+): void => {
+  saveOutbox(
+    userId,
+    loadOutbox(userId, store).map((e) =>
+      e.txnId === txnId ? { ...e, status: 'pending', error: undefined } : e
+    ),
+    store
+  );
+};
+
+/** Server confirmed the send, or the user discarded it. */
+export const removeOutbox = (
+  userId: string,
+  txnId: string,
+  store: Store | undefined = defaultStore()
+): void => {
+  saveOutbox(
+    userId,
+    loadOutbox(userId, store).filter((e) => e.txnId !== txnId),
+    store
+  );
+};