diff --git a/src/oauth.ts b/src/oauth.ts
index d4531d9..1c6d3c8 100644
--- a/src/oauth.ts
+++ b/src/oauth.ts
@@ -70,6 +70,14 @@ async function fetchJson<T>(input: string | URL, init: RequestInit, fallbackErro
   return (text ? JSON.parse(text) : {}) as T;
 }
 
+function normalizeScopes(scope: string | string[] | undefined): string[] {
+  if (Array.isArray(scope)) {
+    return scope.map((value) => value.trim()).filter(Boolean);
+  }
+
+  return scope?.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean) ?? [];
+}
+
 async function exchangeDiscordAuthorizationCode(options: {
   config: HeimdallConfig;
   code: string;
@@ -91,7 +99,7 @@ async function exchangeDiscordAuthorizationCode(options: {
     refresh_token?: string;
     token_type: string;
     expires_in: number;
-    scope: string;
+    scope?: string | string[];
   }>(
     "https://discord.com/api/v10/oauth2/token",
     {
@@ -108,7 +116,7 @@ async function exchangeDiscordAuthorizationCode(options: {
   const tokenSet: OAuthTokenSet = {
     accessToken: tokenResponse.access_token,
     tokenType: tokenResponse.token_type,
-    scope: tokenResponse.scope.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean),
+    scope: normalizeScopes(tokenResponse.scope),
     expiresAt: new Date(Date.now() + tokenResponse.expires_in * 1000).toISOString(),
     raw: tokenResponse as unknown as Record<string, unknown>,
   };
@@ -142,7 +150,7 @@ async function exchangePatreonAuthorizationCode(options: {
     refresh_token?: string;
     token_type: string;
     expires_in?: number;
-    scope?: string;
+    scope?: string | string[];
   }>(
     "https://www.patreon.com/api/oauth2/token",
     {
@@ -158,7 +166,7 @@ async function exchangePatreonAuthorizationCode(options: {
   const tokenSet: OAuthTokenSet = {
     accessToken: tokenResponse.access_token,
     tokenType: tokenResponse.token_type,
-    scope: tokenResponse.scope?.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean) ?? [],
+    scope: normalizeScopes(tokenResponse.scope),
     raw: tokenResponse as unknown as Record<string, unknown>,
   };
 
@@ -188,7 +196,7 @@ async function exchangeTwitchAuthorizationCode(options: {
     refresh_token?: string;
     token_type: string;
     expires_in?: number;
-    scope?: string;
+    scope?: string | string[];
   }>(
     "https://id.twitch.tv/oauth2/token",
     {
@@ -210,7 +218,7 @@ async function exchangeTwitchAuthorizationCode(options: {
   const tokenSet: OAuthTokenSet = {
     accessToken: tokenResponse.access_token,
     tokenType: tokenResponse.token_type,
-    scope: tokenResponse.scope?.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean) ?? [],
+    scope: normalizeScopes(tokenResponse.scope),
     raw: tokenResponse as unknown as Record<string, unknown>,
   };
 
@@ -240,7 +248,7 @@ async function exchangeYouTubeAuthorizationCode(options: {
     refresh_token?: string;
     token_type: string;
     expires_in?: number;
-    scope?: string;
+    scope?: string | string[];
     id_token?: string;
   }>(
     "https://oauth2.googleapis.com/token",
@@ -263,7 +271,7 @@ async function exchangeYouTubeAuthorizationCode(options: {
   const tokenSet: OAuthTokenSet = {
     accessToken: tokenResponse.access_token,
     tokenType: tokenResponse.token_type,
-    scope: tokenResponse.scope?.split(/\s+/).filter(Boolean) ?? [],
+    scope: normalizeScopes(tokenResponse.scope),
     raw: tokenResponse as unknown as Record<string, unknown>,
   };
 
diff --git a/tests/app.test.ts b/tests/app.test.ts
index c31bf90..a09298b 100644
--- a/tests/app.test.ts
+++ b/tests/app.test.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import { type FastifyInstance } from "fastify";
 import { buildApp } from "../src/app.js";
 import { type HeimdallConfig } from "../src/config.js";
 import { entitlementFacts, grantFacts, identityFacts } from "../src/facts.js";
-import { type OAuthProviderRuntime } from "../src/oauth.js";
+import { createOAuthRuntimeRegistry, type OAuthProviderRuntime } from "../src/oauth.js";
 import { verifyJwt } from "../src/signing.js";
 import { createHeimdallAccessTokenVerifier } from "../src/verifier.js";
 import { InMemoryStore } from "../src/store/index.js";
@@ -655,4 +655,32 @@ describe("Heimdall service", () => {
     );
     expect(credentialResponse.body).not.toContain("twitch-refresh-token");
   });
+
+  it("accepts Twitch token scopes returned as an array", async () => {
+    globalThis.fetch = async () =>
+      new Response(
+        JSON.stringify({
+          access_token: "twitch-access-token",
+          refresh_token: "twitch-refresh-token",
+          token_type: "bearer",
+          expires_in: 14124,
+          scope: ["user:read:email"],
+        }),
+        {
+          status: 200,
+          headers: {
+            "content-type": "application/json",
+          },
+        }
+      );
+
+    const runtimes = createOAuthRuntimeRegistry();
+    const tokenSet = await runtimes.twitch.exchangeAuthorizationCode({
+      config: createTestConfig(),
+      code: "test-code",
+      redirectUri: "https://heimdall.gamecult.org/v1/oauth/twitch/callback",
+    });
+
+    expect(tokenSet.scope).toEqual(["user:read:email"]);
+  });
 });