#nullable enable
using System;
using System.Buffers;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Threading;
using GameCult.Caching;
using GameCult.Caching.MessagePack;
using MessagePack;
using NUnit.Framework;

namespace GameCult.Caching.Tests
{
    // The recursive-union golden and the arm refusal goldens in tests/vectors/union-parity. The C# reference is the only
    // writer (CULTCACHE_WRITE_VECTORS=1); every other run reads the committed bytes and compares them byte for byte, so a
    // vector is never regenerated by an ordinary run. Other runtimes are held to these bytes (docs/cultcache-union-parity-map.md U11).
    public class UnionParityVectorTests
    {
        private const string WriteVariable = "CULTCACHE_WRITE_VECTORS";
        private const string Canary = "CANARY-union-golden-4c2a";

        // The stored-at of the one record in union-surface.cc: the store's clock is pinned to it, so the store reproduces.
        private static readonly DateTimeOffset StoredAt = new(2026, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, TimeSpan.Zero);

        private static readonly CultDocumentRegistry Registry = CultDocumentRegistry.ForTypes(new[] { typeof(UnionSurface) });

        private static bool Writing => Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(WriteVariable) == "1";

        // ---- the vector directory: written only under the write variable, otherwise read and compared ----

        private static string VectorDirectory()
        {
            for (var dir = new DirectoryInfo(TestContext.CurrentContext.TestDirectory); dir != null; dir = dir.Parent)
            {
                var vectors = Path.Combine(dir.FullName, "tests", "vectors");
                if (Directory.Exists(vectors)) return Path.Combine(vectors, "union-parity");
            }

            throw new DirectoryNotFoundException($"tests/vectors not found above {TestContext.CurrentContext.TestDirectory}.");
        }

        private static string VectorPath(string name) => Path.Combine(VectorDirectory(), name);

        // Under the write variable the reference's bytes become the file; otherwise they must equal the committed file.
        private static void Check(string name, byte[] reference)
        {
            var path = VectorPath(name);
            if (Writing)
            {
                Directory.CreateDirectory(Path.GetDirectoryName(path)!);
                File.WriteAllBytes(path, reference);
                return;
            }

            Assert.That(File.Exists(path), Is.True, $"vector {name} is committed");
            Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(reference), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(File.ReadAllBytes(path))), $"vector {name}");
        }

        private static byte[] Committed(string name)
        {
            var path = VectorPath(name);
            Assert.That(File.Exists(path), Is.True, $"vector {name} is committed");
            return File.ReadAllBytes(path);
        }

        // ---- the fixture: a recursive union, id-only arms, a union inside a record inside a union, a list of unions ----

        // Keys 0, 1, 2, 5 and 6: 3 and 4 are retired, so the key map is not sequential. Wrap is the +2 nesting step beside
        // Box's +3, so any container depth from 4 up is reachable exactly.
        [Union(0, typeof(Box)), Union(1, typeof(Text)), Union(2, typeof(Use)), Union(5, typeof(Image)), Union(6, typeof(Wrap))]
        public abstract class Node { }

        [MessagePackObject]
        public sealed class Wrap : Node
        {
            [Key(0)] public Node? Inner;
            [Key(1)] [CultElementId] public string Id = string.Empty;
        }

        [MessagePackObject]
        public sealed class Box : Node
        {
            [Key(0)] [CultElementId] public string Id = string.Empty;
            [Key(1)] public List<Node> Children = new();
        }

        [MessagePackObject]
        public sealed class Text : Node
        {
            [Key(0)] [CultElementId] public string Id = string.Empty;
            [Key(1)] public string Content = string.Empty;
        }

        [MessagePackObject]
        public sealed class Use : Node
        {
            [Key(0)] [CultElementId] public string Id = string.Empty;
            [Key(1)] public Composition Composition = new();
            [Key(2)] public List<Node> Slots = new();
        }

        // Slot 2 is a retired gap, written nil.
        [MessagePackObject]
        public sealed class Image : Node
        {
            [Key(0)] [CultElementId] public string Id = string.Empty;
            [Key(1)] public string Uri = string.Empty;
            [Key(3)] public string Alt = string.Empty;
        }

        // A record, not an arm, holding a union.
        [MessagePackObject]
        public sealed class Composition
        {
            [Key(0)] public string Name = string.Empty;
            [Key(1)] public Node? Body;
        }

        // Floor and Ceiling are id-only arms at the ends of the Int32 key domain.
        [Union(0, typeof(Pending)), Union(1, typeof(Completed)), Union(2, typeof(Denied)),
         Union(int.MinValue, typeof(Floor)), Union(int.MaxValue, typeof(Ceiling))]
        public abstract class Outcome { }

        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Pending : Outcome { [Key(0)] public string Message = string.Empty; [Key(1)] [CultElementId] public string Id = string.Empty; }
        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Completed : Outcome { [Key(0)] public int SourceVersion; [Key(1)] [CultElementId] public string Id = string.Empty; }
        // The arms of a list carry an id, so Denied, Floor and Ceiling are written [key, [id]], not as unit arms.
        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Denied : Outcome { [Key(0)] [CultElementId] public string Id = string.Empty; }
        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Floor : Outcome { [Key(0)] [CultElementId] public string Id = string.Empty; }
        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Ceiling : Outcome { [Key(0)] [CultElementId] public string Id = string.Empty; }

        // Item names Tool and Part under keys 1 and 2; CraftedItem, the inner union both derive from, names them under 0 and 1.
        [Union(0, typeof(Gem)), Union(1, typeof(Tool)), Union(2, typeof(Part))]
        public abstract class Item { }

        [Union(0, typeof(Tool)), Union(1, typeof(Part))]
        public abstract class CraftedItem : Item { }

        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Gem : Item { [Key(0)] public string Name = string.Empty; }
        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Tool : CraftedItem { [Key(0)] public string Name = string.Empty; [Key(1)] public int Uses; }
        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Part : CraftedItem { [Key(0)] public string Name = string.Empty; [Key(1)] public int Count; }

        [CultDocument("tests.union_surface", "tests.union_surface.v1")]
        [MessagePackObject]
        public sealed class UnionSurface
        {
            [Key(0)] [CultName] public string Id = string.Empty;
            [Key(1)] public int Version;
            [Key(2)] public Node? Root;
            [Key(3)] public List<Outcome> Outcomes = new();
            [Key(4)] public Item? Part;
            [Key(5)] public CraftedItem? Crafted;
            [Key(6)] public Node? Missing;
        }

        private static UnionSurface Constructed() => Constructed(null);

        private static UnionSurface Constructed(Node? root) => new()
        {
            Id = "surface",
            Version = 3,
            Root = root ?? new Box
            {
                Id = "0000000000c0",
                Children =
                {
                    new Text { Id = "0000000000c1", Content = "hello" },
                    new Use
                    {
                        Id = "0000000000c2",
                        Composition = new Composition
                        {
                            Name = "comp",
                            Body = new Box { Id = "0000000000d0", Children = { new Text { Id = "0000000000d1", Content = "x" }, new Image { Id = "0000000000d2", Uri = "uri://a", Alt = "alt" } } }
                        },
                        Slots = { new Text { Id = "0000000000e1", Content = "slot" }, null!, new Box { Id = "0000000000e2" } }
                    },
                    new Image { Id = "0000000000c3", Uri = "uri://b", Alt = "" }
                }
            },
            Outcomes = { new Pending { Message = "wait", Id = "0000000000a1" }, new Completed { SourceVersion = 7, Id = "0000000000a2" }, new Denied { Id = "0000000000a3" } },
            Part = new Tool { Name = "hammer", Uses = 12 },
            Crafted = new Part { Name = "gear", Count = 4 },
            Missing = null
        };

        // A readable tree of a decoded value, for comparing what was read without re-encoding it.
        private static string Describe(object? value) => value switch
        {
            null => "nil",
            UnionSurface s => $"Surface({s.Id},{s.Version},{Describe(s.Root)},[{string.Join(";", s.Outcomes.Select(Describe))}],{Describe(s.Part)},{Describe(s.Crafted)},{Describe(s.Missing)})",
            Box b => $"Box({b.Id},[{string.Join(";", b.Children.Select(Describe))}])",
            Text t => $"Text({t.Id},{t.Content})",
            Use u => $"Use({u.Id},{Describe(u.Composition)},[{string.Join(";", u.Slots.Select(Describe))}])",
            Image i => $"Image({i.Id},{i.Uri},{i.Alt})",
            Composition c => $"Composition({c.Name},{Describe(c.Body)})",
            Pending p => $"Pending({p.Message})",
            Completed c => $"Completed({c.SourceVersion})",
            Denied => "Denied",
            Floor => "Floor",
            Ceiling => "Ceiling",
            Wrap w => $"Wrap({Describe(w.Inner)})",
            Gem g => $"Gem({g.Name})",
            Tool t => $"Tool({t.Name},{t.Uses})",
            Part p => $"Part({p.Name},{p.Count})",
            _ => throw new InvalidOperationException(value.GetType().Name)
        };

        // ---- the hand-written emitter: the expected bytes, written with MessagePackWriter, not captured from the code under test ----

        private delegate void Emit(ref MessagePackWriter writer);

        private static byte[] Raw(Emit emit)
        {
            var buffer = new ArrayBufferWriter<byte>();
            var writer = new MessagePackWriter(buffer);
            emit(ref writer);
            writer.Flush();
            return buffer.WrittenSpan.ToArray();
        }

        private static readonly Emit Nil = (ref MessagePackWriter w) => w.WriteNil();
        private static readonly Emit ExtraSlot = (ref MessagePackWriter w) => w.Write("extra-slot");

        private static Emit Str(string s) => (ref MessagePackWriter w) => w.Write(s);
        private static Emit Num(int n) => (ref MessagePackWriter w) => w.Write(n);

        private static Emit Slots(params Emit[] slots) => (ref MessagePackWriter w) =>
        {
            w.WriteArrayHeader(slots.Length);
            foreach (var slot in slots) slot(ref w);
        };

        private static Emit ArmOf(int key, params Emit[] slots) => (ref MessagePackWriter w) =>
        {
            w.WriteArrayHeader(2); w.Write(key);
            Slots(slots)(ref w);
        };

        // The slots, with one slot past the last declared key when extra.
        private static Emit Plus(bool extra, params Emit[] slots) => Slots(extra ? slots.Append(ExtraSlot).ToArray() : slots);

        private sealed record Extra(bool Record = false, bool Composition = false, bool RootArm = false, bool ListElement = false);

        private static Emit BoxArm(string id, Emit children, bool extra = false) => ArmOf(0, extra
            ? new[] { Str(id), children, ExtraSlot } : new[] { Str(id), children });

        private static Emit TextArm(string id, string content, bool extra = false) => ArmOf(1, extra
            ? new[] { Str(id), Str(content), ExtraSlot } : new[] { Str(id), Str(content) });

        private static Emit ImageArm(string id, string uri, string alt) => ArmOf(5, Str(id), Str(uri), Nil, Str(alt));

        // The constructed value's payload, with a part of the structure replaceable to build a refusal or an extra-slot case.
        private static byte[] Surface(Emit? root = null, Emit? outcomes = null, Emit? crafted = null, Extra? extra = null, Emit? trailing = null)
        {
            extra ??= new Extra();
            root ??= BoxArm("0000000000c0", Slots(
                TextArm("0000000000c1", "hello"),
                ArmOf(2, Str("0000000000c2"),
                    Plus(extra.Composition, Str("comp"), BoxArm("0000000000d0", Slots(TextArm("0000000000d1", "x"), ImageArm("0000000000d2", "uri://a", "alt")))),
                    Slots(TextArm("0000000000e1", "slot", extra.ListElement), Nil, BoxArm("0000000000e2", Slots()))),
                ImageArm("0000000000c3", "uri://b", "")), extra.RootArm);
            outcomes ??= Slots(ArmOf(0, Str("wait"), Str("0000000000a1")), ArmOf(1, Num(7), Str("0000000000a2")), ArmOf(2, Str("0000000000a3")));
            crafted ??= ArmOf(1, Str("gear"), Num(4));
            var slots = new[] { Str("surface"), Num(3), root, outcomes, ArmOf(1, Str("hammer"), Num(12)), crafted, Nil };
            return Raw(Slots(trailing != null ? slots.Append(trailing).ToArray() : extra.Record ? slots.Append(ExtraSlot).ToArray() : slots));
        }

        private static byte[] SerializeValue(UnionSurface value) => CultDocumentMessagePackSerialization.SerializeUntyped(value, typeof(UnionSurface), Registry);

        private static UnionSurface Decode(byte[] payload) =>
            (UnionSurface)CultDocumentMessagePackSerialization.DeserializeUntyped(typeof(UnionSurface), payload, Registry);

        // ---- the refusal and extra-slot vectors, each with its expected outcome as data ----

        // file, outcome ("refused" | "read-only" | "accepted"), union (logical name), arm key (null for none), detail.
        private sealed record Case(string File, string Outcome, string Union, int? Key, string Detail, byte[] Payload);

        private static IReadOnlyList<Case> Cases() => new[]
        {
            new Case("unknown-arm-field.msgpack", "refused", "Node", 3, "unknown-arm",
                Surface(root: ArmOf(3, Str("r"), Str(Canary)))),
            new Case("unknown-arm-list.msgpack", "refused", "Outcome", 7, "unknown-arm",
                Surface(outcomes: Slots(ArmOf(0, Str("wait"), Str("0000000000a1")), ArmOf(7, Str(Canary))))),
            new Case("unknown-arm-nested.msgpack", "refused", "Node", 9, "unknown-arm",
                Surface(root: BoxArm("0000000000c0", Slots(BoxArm("0000000000d3", Slots(BoxArm("0000000000d4", Slots(ArmOf(9, Str("deep"), Str(Canary)))))))))),
            new Case("inner-union-outer-key.msgpack", "refused", "CraftedItem", 2, "unknown-arm",
                Surface(crafted: ArmOf(2, Str("gear"), Num(4)))),
            new Case("arm-arity.msgpack", "refused", "Node", 1, "arity",
                Surface(root: (ref MessagePackWriter w) => { w.WriteArrayHeader(1); w.Write(1); })),
            new Case("extra-slot-record.msgpack", "read-only", "UnionSurface", null, "record",
                Surface(extra: new Extra(Record: true))),
            new Case("extra-slot-nested-record.msgpack", "read-only", "Composition", null, "nested-record",
                Surface(extra: new Extra(Composition: true))),
            new Case("extra-slot-arm.msgpack", "read-only", "Node", 0, "arm",
                Surface(extra: new Extra(RootArm: true))),
            new Case("extra-slot-list-element.msgpack", "read-only", "Node", 1, "list-element",
                Surface(extra: new Extra(ListElement: true))),
        };

        private static byte[] OutcomesFile() => Raw((ref MessagePackWriter w) =>
        {
            var cases = Cases();
            w.WriteArrayHeader(cases.Count);
            foreach (var c in cases)
            {
                w.WriteArrayHeader(5);
                w.Write(c.File); w.Write(c.Outcome); w.Write(c.Union);
                if (c.Key is { } key) w.Write(key); else w.WriteNil();
                w.Write(c.Detail);
            }
        });

        private static string UnionName(string logical) => logical switch
        {
            "Node" => typeof(Node).FullName!,
            "Outcome" => typeof(Outcome).FullName!,
            "CraftedItem" => typeof(CraftedItem).FullName!,
            "UnionSurface" => typeof(UnionSurface).FullName!,
            _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(logical), logical, null)
        };

        private static string Chain(Exception exception)
        {
            var parts = new List<string>();
            for (var cause = exception; cause != null; cause = cause.InnerException) parts.Add(cause.Message);
            return string.Join(" <- ", parts);
        }

        // ---- unit arms: a union no list reaches, so its arms carry no element id and a member-less arm is a unit arm ----

        [Union(0, typeof(Waiting)), Union(2, typeof(Denied2)), Union(int.MinValue, typeof(Floor2)), Union(int.MaxValue, typeof(Ceiling2))]
        public abstract class UnitOutcome { }

        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Waiting : UnitOutcome { [Key(0)] public string Message = string.Empty; }
        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Denied2 : UnitOutcome { }
        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Floor2 : UnitOutcome { }
        [MessagePackObject] public sealed class Ceiling2 : UnitOutcome { }

        private static MessagePackSerializerOptions UnitOptions => CultDocumentMessagePackSerialization.OptionsFor(typeof(UnionSurface).Assembly);

        // The reference writes a member-less arm as [key, []]; the other runtimes read these files and write the same bytes.
        [Test]
        public void UnitArmVectorsAreWhatTheReferenceWrites()
        {
            var arms = new (string File, UnitOutcome Value, int Key, string Name)[]
            {
                ("unit-arm-denied.msgpack", new Denied2(), 2, nameof(Denied2)),
                ("unit-arm-floor.msgpack", new Floor2(), int.MinValue, nameof(Floor2)),
                ("unit-arm-ceiling.msgpack", new Ceiling2(), int.MaxValue, nameof(Ceiling2)),
            };
            foreach (var (file, value, key, name) in arms)
            {
                var written = MessagePackSerializer.Serialize(value, UnitOptions);
                Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(written), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(Raw(ArmOf(key)))), $"{name}: a unit arm is [key, []]");
                Check(file, written);

                var committed = Committed(file);
                var decoded = MessagePackSerializer.Deserialize<UnitOutcome>(committed, UnitOptions);
                Assert.That(decoded.GetType().Name, Is.EqualTo(name), file);
                Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(MessagePackSerializer.Serialize(decoded, UnitOptions)), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(committed)), $"{file} re-encodes byte-identical");
            }
        }

        // ---- tests ----

        [Test]
        public void UnionSurfaceVectorMatches()
        {
            var value = Constructed();
            var written = SerializeValue(value);
            Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(written), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(Surface())), "the hand-written bytes are what the reference writes");
            Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(MessagePackSerializer.Serialize(value, MessagePackSerializerOptions.Standard)), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(written)));
            Check("union-surface.msgpack", written);

            var committed = Committed("union-surface.msgpack");
            var decoded = Decode(committed);
            Assert.That(Describe(decoded), Is.EqualTo(Describe(value)));
            Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(SerializeValue(decoded)), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(committed)), "the committed payload re-encodes byte-identical");

            var work = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), $"cultlib-unionparity-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
            Directory.CreateDirectory(work);
            try
            {
                var scratch = Path.Combine(work, "union-surface.cc");
                using (var cache = CultCacheMessagePack.Create(scratch, new CultCacheOpenOptions { Registry = Registry, StoreFlushOnDispose = true }))
                {
                    cache.Clock = () => StoredAt;
                    cache.UpsertAsync(typeof(UnionSurface), value, new CultRecordKey("surface")).GetAwaiter().GetResult();
                    cache.FlushAsync().GetAwaiter().GetResult();
                }

                Check("union-surface.cc", File.ReadAllBytes(scratch));

                // The committed store: one record whose payload is the committed payload, holding the constructed value, and rewritten unchanged.
                var store = Committed("union-surface.cc");
                var snapshot = CultDocumentMessagePackSerialization.DeserializeSnapshot(store);
                Assert.That(snapshot.Records, Has.Length.EqualTo(1));
                Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(snapshot.Records[0].Payload), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(committed)));
                File.WriteAllBytes(scratch, store);
                using (var cache = CultCacheMessagePack.Create(scratch, new CultCacheOpenOptions { Registry = Registry }))
                {
                    Assert.That(Describe(cache.Get<UnionSurface>(new CultRecordKey("surface"))), Is.EqualTo(Describe(value)));
                    cache.BackingStores[0].PushAll();
                }

                Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(File.ReadAllBytes(scratch)), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(store)));
            }
            finally
            {
                Directory.Delete(work, recursive: true);
            }
        }

        // The value names every arm shape the vectors exist to hold other runtimes to.
        [Test]
        public void ConstructedValueExercisesEveryArmShape()
        {
            var value = Decode(Committed("union-surface.msgpack"));
            var root = (Box)value.Root!;
            var use = root.Children.OfType<Use>().Single();
            var inner = (Box)use.Composition.Body!;
            Assert.Multiple(() =>
            {
                Assert.That(value.Outcomes.OfType<Denied>().Count(), Is.EqualTo(1), "an id-only arm");
                Assert.That(root.Children, Has.Count.GreaterThan(1), "a list of unions");
                Assert.That(use.Slots.Any(s => s is Box) && use.Slots.Any(s => s is null), Is.True, "a list of unions holding a nested union arm and nil");
                Assert.That(inner.Children.OfType<Image>().Count(), Is.EqualTo(1), "a union inside a record inside a union, four arms deep");
                Assert.That(value.Part, Is.TypeOf<Tool>());
                Assert.That(value.Crafted, Is.TypeOf<Part>(), "an inner union keyed apart from its outer");
                Assert.That(value.Missing, Is.Null);
            });
        }

        [Test]
        public void UnionRefusalVectorsRefused()
        {
            foreach (var c in Cases()) Check(c.File, c.Payload);
            Check("outcomes.msgpack", OutcomesFile());

            // From here only the committed files speak: the outcomes file is the data the other runtimes read.
            var golden = Describe(Constructed());
            var reader = new MessagePackReader(Committed("outcomes.msgpack"));
            var count = reader.ReadArrayHeader();
            Assert.That(count, Is.EqualTo(Cases().Count));
            for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
            {
                Assert.That(reader.ReadArrayHeader(), Is.EqualTo(5));
                var file = reader.ReadString()!;
                var outcome = reader.ReadString()!;
                var union = reader.ReadString()!;
                int? key = reader.TryReadNil() ? null : reader.ReadInt32();
                var detail = reader.ReadString()!;
                var payload = Committed(file);

                if (outcome == "refused")
                {
                    UnionSurface? accepted = null;
                    Exception? thrown = null;
                    try { accepted = Decode(payload); } catch (Exception exception) { thrown = exception; }
                    Assert.That(thrown, Is.Not.Null, $"{file} was accepted");
                    var message = Chain(thrown!);
                    Assert.That(message, Does.Not.Contain(Canary), $"{file}: a refusal never echoes the payload");
                    if (detail == "arity")
                    {
                        Assert.That(message, Does.Contain("Invalid Union data"), file);
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        Assert.That(message, Does.Contain(UnionName(union)).And.Contain($"key {key} "), file);
                        Assert.That(accepted, Is.Null, file);
                    }
                }
                else
                {
                    Assert.That(outcome, Is.EqualTo("read-only"), file);
                    // The record is read whole; what makes it read-only is the slot rule of the slot-tolerance cut, not asserted here.
                    Assert.That(Describe(Decode(payload)), Is.EqualTo(golden), $"{file}: the extra slot is read past");
                }
            }
        }

        // ---- the bounds vectors: arm keys at the ends of the Int32 domain, nil arm slots, payload nesting ----

        private const int Limit = CultMessagePackSecurity.MaximumPayloadDepth;

        // The outermost array is depth 1, a Wrap arm ([6, [inner]]) adds 2, a Box with no children 3, a Text leaf 2.
        // The at-limit and past-limit payloads are the same chain of Wrap arms; the leaf is what makes the depth odd or even.
        private const int AtLimitWraps = (Limit - 1 - 3) / 2;
        private const int PastLimitWraps = (Limit + 1 - 1 - 2) / 2;

        private static Emit RawKey(Emit key, params Emit[] slots) => (ref MessagePackWriter w) =>
        {
            w.WriteArrayHeader(2); key(ref w);
            Slots(slots)(ref w);
        };

        private static Emit WithOutcome(Emit element) => Slots(ArmOf(0, Str("wait"), Str("0000000000a1")), ArmOf(1, Num(7), Str("0000000000a2")), ArmOf(2, Str("0000000000a3")), element);

        private static Emit WrapChain(int wraps, Emit leaf) => wraps == 0 ? leaf : ArmOf(6, WrapChain(wraps - 1, leaf), Str("0000000000b1"));

        private static Node WrapChainValue(int wraps, Node leaf)
        {
            for (var i = 0; i < wraps; i++) leaf = new Wrap { Inner = leaf, Id = "0000000000b1" };
            return leaf;
        }

        // n arrays nested inside one another around a single string.
        private static Emit Nested(int n) => n == 1 ? Slots(Str(Canary)) : Slots(Nested(n - 1));

        private static Emit AtLimitLeaf => BoxArm("0000000000f0", Slots());
        private static Emit PastLimitLeaf => TextArm("0000000000f0", Canary);

        private static IReadOnlyList<Case> BoundsCases() => new[]
        {
            new Case("arm-key-int32-min.msgpack", "accepted", "Outcome", int.MinValue, "arm-key-int32-min.msgpack",
                Surface(outcomes: WithOutcome(ArmOf(int.MinValue, Str("0000000000a4"))))),
            new Case("arm-key-int32-max.msgpack", "accepted", "Outcome", int.MaxValue, "arm-key-int32-max.msgpack",
                Surface(outcomes: WithOutcome(ArmOf(int.MaxValue, Str("0000000000a5"))))),
            new Case("arm-key-wide-coding.msgpack", "accepted", "Outcome", int.MaxValue, "arm-key-int32-max.msgpack",
                Surface(outcomes: WithOutcome(RawKey((ref MessagePackWriter w) => w.WriteUInt64(int.MaxValue), Str("0000000000a5"))))),
            new Case("arm-key-above-int32.msgpack", "refused", "Outcome", null, "key-out-of-range",
                Surface(outcomes: WithOutcome(RawKey((ref MessagePackWriter w) => w.Write(0x80000000u))))),
            new Case("arm-key-below-int32.msgpack", "refused", "Outcome", null, "key-out-of-range",
                Surface(outcomes: WithOutcome(RawKey((ref MessagePackWriter w) => w.Write(-2147483649L))))),
            new Case("arm-key-float32.msgpack", "refused", "Outcome", null, "key-not-integer",
                Surface(outcomes: WithOutcome(RawKey((ref MessagePackWriter w) => w.Write(1.0f), Num(7))))),
            new Case("arm-key-float64-negzero.msgpack", "refused", "Outcome", null, "key-not-integer",
                Surface(outcomes: WithOutcome(RawKey((ref MessagePackWriter w) => w.Write(-0.0), Str("wait"))))),
            new Case("nil-arm-slots.msgpack", "refused", "Outcome", 1, "nil-slots",
                Surface(outcomes: WithOutcome((ref MessagePackWriter w) => { w.WriteArrayHeader(2); w.Write(1); w.WriteNil(); }))),
            new Case("depth-at-limit.msgpack", "accepted", "UnionSurface", null, "depth-at-limit.msgpack",
                Surface(root: WrapChain(AtLimitWraps, AtLimitLeaf))),
            new Case("depth-past-limit.msgpack", "refused", "UnionSurface", null, "depth",
                Surface(root: WrapChain(PastLimitWraps, PastLimitLeaf))),
            new Case("depth-skipped-at-limit.msgpack", "read-only", "UnionSurface", null, "depth",
                Surface(trailing: Nested(Limit - 1))),
            new Case("depth-skipped-past-limit.msgpack", "refused", "UnionSurface", null, "depth",
                Surface(trailing: Nested(Limit))),
        };

        private static byte[] BoundsOutcomesFile() => Raw((ref MessagePackWriter w) =>
        {
            var cases = BoundsCases();
            w.WriteArrayHeader(cases.Count + 1);
            w.WriteArrayHeader(2); w.Write("limit"); w.Write(Limit);
            foreach (var c in cases)
            {
                w.WriteArrayHeader(5);
                w.Write(c.File); w.Write(c.Outcome); w.Write(c.Union);
                if (c.Key is { } key) w.Write(key); else w.WriteNil();
                w.Write(c.Detail);
            }
        });

        // The container depth of a payload, counted with the reader's typed reads and an explicit stack: not the rule's code.
        private static int DepthOf(byte[] payload)
        {
            var reader = new MessagePackReader(payload);
            var open = new Stack<long>();
            var deepest = 0;
            while (true)
            {
                switch (reader.NextMessagePackType)
                {
                    case MessagePackType.Array:
                    case MessagePackType.Map:
                        var isArray = reader.NextMessagePackType == MessagePackType.Array;
                        long children = isArray ? reader.ReadArrayHeader() : 2L * reader.ReadMapHeader();
                        deepest = Math.Max(deepest, open.Count + 1);
                        if (children > 0) { open.Push(children); continue; }
                        break;
                    case MessagePackType.Nil: reader.ReadNil(); break;
                    case MessagePackType.Boolean: reader.ReadBoolean(); break;
                    case MessagePackType.Integer: if (reader.NextCode == MessagePackCode.UInt64) reader.ReadUInt64(); else reader.ReadInt64(); break;
                    case MessagePackType.Float: reader.ReadDouble(); break;
                    case MessagePackType.String: reader.ReadString(); break;
                    case MessagePackType.Binary: reader.ReadBytes(); break;
                    case MessagePackType.Extension: reader.ReadExtensionFormat(); break;
                    default: throw new InvalidOperationException(reader.NextMessagePackType.ToString());
                }

                while (open.Count > 0)
                {
                    var left = open.Pop() - 1;
                    if (left > 0) { open.Push(left); break; }
                }

                if (open.Count == 0) return deepest;
            }
        }

        private static Exception Refusal(Action action)
        {
            try { action(); } catch (Exception exception) { return exception; }
            throw new AssertionException("the payload was accepted");
        }

        [Test]
        public void BoundsOutcomesFromCommittedFiles()
        {
            foreach (var c in BoundsCases()) Check(c.File, c.Payload);
            Check("bounds-outcomes.msgpack", BoundsOutcomesFile());

            // From here only the committed files speak.
            var golden = Describe(Constructed());
            var reader = new MessagePackReader(Committed("bounds-outcomes.msgpack"));
            var count = reader.ReadArrayHeader();
            Assert.That(count, Is.EqualTo(BoundsCases().Count + 1));
            Assert.That(reader.ReadArrayHeader(), Is.EqualTo(2));
            Assert.That(reader.ReadString(), Is.EqualTo("limit"));
            Assert.That(reader.ReadInt32(), Is.EqualTo(CultMessagePackSecurity.MaximumPayloadDepth), "the limit entry states the reference's limit");
            for (var i = 1; i < count; i++)
            {
                Assert.That(reader.ReadArrayHeader(), Is.EqualTo(5));
                var file = reader.ReadString()!;
                var outcome = reader.ReadString()!;
                var union = reader.ReadString()!;
                int? key = reader.TryReadNil() ? null : reader.ReadInt32();
                var detail = reader.ReadString()!;
                var payload = Committed(file);

                switch (outcome)
                {
                    case "accepted":
                        Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(SerializeValue(Decode(payload))), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(Committed(detail))), $"{file} re-encodes to {detail}");
                        break;
                    case "read-only":
                        Assert.That(Describe(Decode(payload)), Is.EqualTo(golden), $"{file}: the extra slot is read past");
                        break;
                    case "refused":
                        var message = Chain(Refusal(() => Decode(payload)));
                        Assert.That(message, Does.Not.Contain(Canary), $"{file}: a refusal never echoes the payload");
                        Assert.That(message, Does.Contain(UnionName(union)), file);
                        switch (detail)
                        {
                            case "key-out-of-range": Assert.That(message, Does.Contain("outside Int32").And.Not.Contain("has no arm for key"), file); break;
                            case "key-not-integer": Assert.That(message, Does.Contain("non-integer"), file); break;
                            case "nil-slots": Assert.That(message, Does.Contain("nil slots").And.Contain($"arm {key} "), file); break;
                            case "depth": Assert.That(message, Does.Contain($"nests {Limit + 1} MessagePack containers deep").And.Contain($"the limit is {Limit}").And.Contain("refused on read"), file); break;
                            default: Assert.Fail($"{file}: unknown detail {detail}"); break;
                        }

                        break;
                    default:
                        Assert.Fail($"{file}: unknown outcome {outcome}");
                        break;
                }
            }
        }

        [Test]
        public void ArmKeyDomainVectors()
        {
            var min = Committed("arm-key-int32-min.msgpack");
            var max = Committed("arm-key-int32-max.msgpack");
            var wide = Committed("arm-key-wide-coding.msgpack");
            Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(min), Does.Contain("D280000000"), "Floor is written as an int32 key");
            Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(max), Does.Contain("CE7FFFFFFF"), "Ceiling is written as a uint32 key");
            Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(wide), Does.Contain("CF000000007FFFFFFF"), "the wide coding is a uint64 key");
            Assert.That(Decode(min).Outcomes, Has.Count.EqualTo(4));
            Assert.That(Decode(min).Outcomes[3], Is.TypeOf<Floor>());
            Assert.That(Decode(max).Outcomes[3], Is.TypeOf<Ceiling>());
            Assert.That(Decode(wide).Outcomes[3], Is.TypeOf<Ceiling>(), "an unsigned 64-bit coding of an in-range key is the same key");
            Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(SerializeValue(Decode(wide))), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(max)), "and re-encodes as the canonical coding");
            Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(SerializeValue(Decode(min))), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(min)));

            Assert.That(Chain(Refusal(() => Decode(Committed("arm-key-above-int32.msgpack")))), Does.Contain("outside Int32").And.Contain(UnionName("Outcome")));
            Assert.That(Chain(Refusal(() => Decode(Committed("arm-key-below-int32.msgpack")))), Does.Contain("outside Int32").And.Contain(UnionName("Outcome")));
            Assert.That(Chain(Refusal(() => Decode(Committed("arm-key-float32.msgpack")))), Does.Contain("non-integer").And.Contain(UnionName("Outcome")));
            Assert.That(Chain(Refusal(() => Decode(Committed("arm-key-float64-negzero.msgpack")))), Does.Contain("non-integer").And.Contain(UnionName("Outcome")));
        }

        [Test]
        public void NilArmSlotsRefused()
        {
            var message = Chain(Refusal(() => Decode(Committed("nil-arm-slots.msgpack"))));
            Assert.That(message, Does.Contain(UnionName("Outcome")).And.Contain("arm 1 has nil slots"));
        }

        [Test]
        public void DepthAtLimitAcceptedBothWays()
        {
            var payload = Committed("depth-at-limit.msgpack");
            Assert.That(DepthOf(payload), Is.EqualTo(Limit), "the vector nests exactly the limit, counted independently");
            Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(SerializeValue(Decode(payload))), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(payload)), "read, then written again");
            var built = Constructed(WrapChainValue(AtLimitWraps, new Box { Id = "0000000000f0" }));
            Assert.That(Convert.ToHexString(SerializeValue(built)), Is.EqualTo(Convert.ToHexString(payload)), "the constructed value writes the vector");
        }

        [Test]
        public void DepthPastLimitRefusedBothWays()
        {
            var payload = Committed("depth-past-limit.msgpack");
            Assert.That(DepthOf(payload), Is.EqualTo(Limit + 1), "one container past the limit, counted independently");
            var read = Chain(Refusal(() => Decode(payload)));
            Assert.That(read, Does.Contain(typeof(UnionSurface).FullName).And.Contain($"the limit is {Limit}").And.Contain("refused on read").And.Not.Contain(Canary));

            byte[]? written = null;
            var write = Chain(Refusal(() => written = SerializeValue(Constructed(WrapChainValue(PastLimitWraps, new Text { Id = "0000000000f0", Content = Canary })))));
            Assert.That(written, Is.Null, "nothing is returned");
            Assert.That(write, Does.Contain(typeof(UnionSurface).FullName).And.Contain($"the limit is {Limit}").And.Contain("refused on write").And.Not.Contain(Canary));

            // A single-file store holding the payload fails to load through the same entry point.
            var work = Path.Combine(Path.GetTempPath(), $"cultlib-unionparity-{Guid.NewGuid():N}");
            Directory.CreateDirectory(work);
            try
            {
                var snapshot = CultDocumentMessagePackSerialization.DeserializeSnapshot(Committed("union-surface.cc"));
                snapshot.Records[0].Payload = payload;
                var scratch = Path.Combine(work, "deep.cc");
                File.WriteAllBytes(scratch, CultDocumentMessagePackSerialization.SerializeSnapshot(snapshot));
                var load = Chain(Refusal(() => CultCacheMessagePack.Create(scratch, new CultCacheOpenOptions { Registry = Registry }).Dispose()));
                Assert.That(load, Does.Contain("surface").And.Contain($"the limit is {Limit}").And.Not.Contain(Canary));
            }
            finally
            {
                Directory.Delete(work, recursive: true);
            }
        }

        [Test]
        public void SkippedContainersCount()
        {
            var past = Committed("depth-skipped-past-limit.msgpack");
            var atLimit = Committed("depth-skipped-at-limit.msgpack");
            Assert.That(DepthOf(Committed("union-surface.msgpack")), Is.LessThan(20), "what the formatters read is shallow");
            Assert.That(DepthOf(atLimit), Is.EqualTo(Limit));
            Assert.That(DepthOf(past), Is.EqualTo(Limit + 1));

            Assert.That(Describe(Decode(atLimit)), Is.EqualTo(Describe(Constructed())), "skipped content at the limit is read past");
            var message = Chain(Refusal(() => Decode(past)));
            Assert.That(message, Does.Contain(typeof(UnionSurface).FullName).And.Contain($"the limit is {Limit}").And.Not.Contain(Canary));

            // MessagePack alone counts only what its formatters read: it accepts the payload the walk refuses.
            Assert.That(() => MessagePackSerializer.Deserialize(typeof(UnionSurface), past, CultDocumentMessagePackSerialization.OptionsFor(typeof(UnionSurface).Assembly)),
                Throws.Nothing, "MessagePack's own counter never sees skipped containers");
        }

        [Test]
        public void WalkIsIterative()
        {
            // 100000 nested arrays in an extra trailing slot, on a thread with a 256 KiB stack.
            var deep = Surface(trailing: (ref MessagePackWriter w) =>
            {
                w.WriteRaw(Enumerable.Repeat((byte)0x91, 100_000).ToArray());
                w.WriteArrayHeader(0);
            });
            Exception? thrown = null;
            var thread = new Thread(() => { thrown = Refusal(() => Decode(deep)); }, 256 * 1024);
            thread.Start();
            thread.Join();
            Assert.That(thrown, Is.Not.Null);
            Assert.That(Chain(thrown!), Does.Contain($"the limit is {Limit}"));
        }

        // Runs whatever the switch reads when the test starts: it sets the switch itself, runs every test body that calls Check
        // under each off value, and writes only a probe file. The fingerprint is each file's bytes and write time, so a rewrite
        // with identical bytes shows.
        [Test, NonParallelizable]
        public void VectorsNotRewrittenByDefault()
        {
            string Fingerprint() => string.Join("|", Directory.EnumerateFiles(VectorDirectory()).OrderBy(f => f, StringComparer.Ordinal)
                .Select(f => Path.GetFileName(f) + "=" + Convert.ToHexString(SHA256.HashData(File.ReadAllBytes(f))) + "@" + File.GetLastWriteTimeUtc(f).Ticks));

            const string probe = "gate-probe.msgpack";
            var path = VectorPath(probe);
            var before = Fingerprint();
            var inherited = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable(WriteVariable);
            try
            {
                foreach (var off in new string?[] { null, string.Empty, "0", "true", "11" })
                {
                    Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(WriteVariable, off);
                    Assert.Throws<AssertionException>(() => Check(probe, new byte[] { 0x90 }), $"a missing vector fails the run, switch {off ?? "unset"}");
                    Assert.That(File.Exists(path), Is.False, $"switch {off ?? "unset"} writes nothing");

                    File.WriteAllBytes(path, new byte[] { 0x91 });
                    Assert.Throws<AssertionException>(() => Check(probe, new byte[] { 0x90 }), $"bytes that differ from the vector fail the run, switch {off ?? "unset"}");
                    Assert.That(File.ReadAllBytes(path), Is.EqualTo(new byte[] { 0x91 }), $"switch {off ?? "unset"} rewrites nothing");
                    File.Delete(path);

                    foreach (var body in new Action[] { UnionSurfaceVectorMatches, UnionRefusalVectorsRefused, BoundsOutcomesFromCommittedFiles })
                        body();
                }

                Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(WriteVariable, "1");
                Check(probe, new byte[] { 0x90 });
                Assert.That(File.ReadAllBytes(path), Is.EqualTo(new byte[] { 0x90 }), "1 is the one way to write a vector");
            }
            finally
            {
                Environment.SetEnvironmentVariable(WriteVariable, inherited);
                if (File.Exists(path)) File.Delete(path);
            }

            Assert.That(Fingerprint(), Is.EqualTo(before), "no committed vector changed");
        }
    }
}